{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T19:46:48Z","timestamp":1774122408211,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]],"date-time":"2012-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glucocorticoid inhalation is the preferred asthma treatment during pregnancy. Previous studies on its safety focused on obstetric outcomes and offspring malformations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether glucocorticoid inhalation during pregnancy is a risk factor for offspring pediatric diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied offspring (live singletons) of pregnant women suffering from asthma during pregnancy (prevalence = 6.3%; n = 4,083 mother\u2013child pairs) from the Danish National Birth Cohort (births, 1996\u20132002; prospective data). We estimated the associations between use of inhaled glucocorticoids for asthma treatment during pregnancy (n = 1231; 79.9% budesonide, 17.6% fluticasone, 5.4% beclomethasone, and 0.9% other or unspecified glucocorticoids) and offspring diseases (International Classification of Diseases\u201310th Revision, diagnoses) during childhood. We conducted Cox or logistic regression analyses for each International Classification of Diseases\u201310th Revision category, controlling for use of non\u2013glucocorticoid-containing inhalants, and confirmed results by addressing confounding by treatment indication using propensity score.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Offspring median age at end of follow-up was 6.1 (range, 3.6\u20138.9) years. Glucocorticoid inhalation was not associated with offspring disease risk in most categories, except for offspring endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders (hazard ratio, 1.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.13\u20132.99). When repeating analyses with the major subgroup that used budesonide only, association estimates were of similar magnitude.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Regarding most disease categories, data are reassuring, supporting the use of inhaled glucocorticoids during pregnancy. In line with animal data, glucocorticoid inhalation during pregnancy may be a risk factor for offspring endocrine and metabolic disturbances, which should be considered further.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201108-1482oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,23]],"date-time":"2011-12-23T20:52:39Z","timestamp":1324673559000},"page":"557-563","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Inhaled Glucocorticoids during Pregnancy and Offspring Pediatric Diseases: A National Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Marion","family":"Tegethoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rn","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California"},{"name":"The Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Schaffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Statistics in Life Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Biostatistics and Computational Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunther","family":"Meinlschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, and"},{"name":"National Centre of Competence in Research \u201cSwiss Etiological Study of Adjustment and Mental Health,\u201d Basel, Switzerland; and"},{"name":"Clinic of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032101164998300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60201-3","article-title":"Asthma control during pregnancy and the risk of preterm delivery or impaired fetal growth","volume":"101","author":"Bakhireva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"2026032101164998300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00008-5","article-title":"Asthma prevalence among pregnant and childbearing-aged women in the United States: estimates from national health surveys","volume":"13","author":"Kwon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026032101164998300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.1999.0702","article-title":"Nordic consensus report on asthma management. 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