{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:26:02Z","timestamp":1790717162273,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]],"date-time":"2012-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IgE antibodies to the mammalian oligosaccharide galactose-\u03b1-1,3-galactose (\u03b1-gal) are common in the southeastern United States. These antibodies, which are induced by ectoparasitic ticks, can give rise to positive skin tests or serum assays with cat extract.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the relationship between IgE antibodies to \u03b1-gal and asthma, and compare this with the relationship between asthma and IgE antibodies to Fel d 1 and other protein allergens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients being investigated for recurrent anaphylaxis, angioedema, or acute urticaria underwent spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide, questionnaires, and serum IgE antibody assays. The results were compared with control subjects and cohorts from the emergency department in Virginia (n = 130), northern Sweden (n = 963), and rural Kenya (n = 131).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients in Virginia with high-titer IgE antibodies to \u03b1-gal had normal lung function, low levels of exhaled nitric oxide, and low prevalence of asthma symptoms. Among patients in the emergency department and children in Kenya, there was no association between IgE antibodies to \u03b1-gal and asthma (odds ratios, 1.04 and 0.75, respectively). In Sweden, IgE antibodies to cat were closely correlated with IgE antibodies to Fel d 1 (r = 0.83) and to asthma (P &amp;lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results provide a model of an ectoparasite-induced specific IgE response that can increase total serum IgE without creating a risk for asthma, and further evidence that the main allergens that are causally related to asthma are those that are inhaled.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-2017oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,26]],"date-time":"2012-01-26T22:10:54Z","timestamp":1327615854000},"page":"723-730","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Galactose-\u03b1-1,3-Galactose\u2013Specific IgE Is Associated with Anaphylaxis but Not Asthma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Scott P.","family":"Commins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libby A.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"R\u00f6nmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley R.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawna L.","family":"Pochan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Asthma Consultants, Austin, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Lundb\u00e4ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine\/Krefting Research Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy W.","family":"Nganga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Respiratory Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Cumbaya, Quito, Ecuador"},{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janelle M.","family":"Hoskins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saju S.","family":"Eapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma and Allergy Center of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, Virginia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma and Allergy Center of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, Virginia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dane C.","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma and Allergy Center of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, Virginia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W.","family":"Heymann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith A.","family":"Woodfolk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Perzanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A. 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