{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:44:15Z","timestamp":1792197855816,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is little knowledge of variations in respiratory symptoms during the menstrual cycle in a general population, and potential modifying factors are not investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate menstrual cycle variation in respiratory symptoms in a large general population, using chronobiology methodology, and stratifying by body mass index (BMI), smoking, and asthma status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 3,926 women with regular cycles less than or equal to 28 days and not taking exogenous sex hormones answered a postal questionnaire regarding the first day of their last menstruation and respiratory symptoms in the last 3 days. Moving 4-day means were computed to smooth uneven records of daily sampling; best-fitting 28-day composite cosine curves were applied to each time series to describe rhythmicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant rhythmic variations over the menstrual cycle were found in each symptom for all subjects and subgroups. Wheezing was higher on cycle Days 10\u201322, with a midcycle dip near the time of putative ovulation (approximately Days 14\u201316) in most subgroups. Shortness of breath was higher on days 7\u201321, with a dip just before midcycle in many subgroups. Cough was higher just after putative ovulation for subjects with asthma, BMI greater than or equal to 23 kg\/m2, and smokers, or just before ovulation and menses onset for low symptomatic subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Respiratory symptoms varied significantly during the menstrual cycle and were most frequent from the midluteal to midfollicular stages, often with a dip near the time of ovulation. The patterns varied by BMI, smoking, and asthma status. These relations link respiratory symptoms with hormonal changes through the menstrual cycle and imply a potential for individualized chronotherapy for respiratory diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-1112oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]],"date-time":"2012-11-30T02:51:50Z","timestamp":1354243910000},"page":"366-373","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Menstrual Cycle and Respiratory Symptoms in a General Nordic\u2013Baltic Population"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Ferenc","family":"Macsali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"name":"Bergen Respiratory Research Group, Institute of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilie","family":"Svanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bergen Respiratory Research Group, Institute of Medicine, and"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Sothern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryndis","family":"Benediktsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Sleep, Landspitali, University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Line","family":"Bj\u00f8rge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Dratva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl A.","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christer","family":"Janson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Uppsala, Sweden; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ane","family":"Johannessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Lindberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Uppsala, Sweden; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernst R.","family":"Omenaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bergen Respiratory Research Group, Institute of Medicine, and"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivi","family":"Schl\u00fcnssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Zemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco G\u00f3mez","family":"Real","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"name":"Bergen Respiratory Research Group, Institute of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032100522898000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200906-054DP","article-title":"All men are created equal? 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