{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:56:19Z","timestamp":1793048179511,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohort evidence linking long-term exposure to outdoor particulate air pollution and mortality has come largely from the United States. There is relatively little evidence from nationally representative cohorts in other countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the relationship between long-term exposure to a range of pollutants and causes of death in a national English cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 835,607 patients aged 40\u201389 years registered with 205 general practices were followed from 2003\u20132007. Annual average concentrations in 2002 for particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 (PM10) and less than 2.5 \u03bcm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) at 1 km2 resolution, estimated from emission-based models, were linked to residential postcode. Deaths (n = 83,103) were ascertained from linkage to death certificates, and hazard ratios (HRs) for all- and cause-specific mortality for pollutants were estimated for interquartile pollutant changes from Cox models adjusting for age, sex, smoking, body mass index, and area-level socioeconomic status markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Residential concentrations of all pollutants except ozone were positively associated with all-cause mortality (HR, 1.02, 1.03, and 1.04 for PM2.5, NO2, and SO2, respectively). Associations for PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 were larger for respiratory deaths (HR, 1.09 each) and lung cancer (HR, 1.02, 1.06, and 1.05) but nearer unity for cardiovascular deaths (1.00, 1.00, and 1.04).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results strengthen the evidence linking long-term ambient air pollution exposure to increased all-cause mortality. However, the stronger associations with respiratory mortality are not consistent with most US studies in which associations with cardiovascular causes of death tend to predominate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201210-1758oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,23]],"date-time":"2013-05-23T07:45:01Z","timestamp":1369295101000},"page":"1226-1233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":271,"title":["Mortality Associations with Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution in a National English Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Iain M.","family":"Carey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Health Sciences and Education and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, St George\u2019s, University of London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Health Sciences and Education and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, St George\u2019s, University of London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AEA Technology P.L.C., Harwell IBC, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tjeerd","family":"van Staa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek G.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Health Sciences and Education and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, St George\u2019s, University of London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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