{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:20:46Z","timestamp":1790886046886,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Characterization of bacterial populations in infectious respiratory diseases will provide improved understanding of the relationship between the lung microbiota, disease pathogenesis, and treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To comprehensively define lung microbiota composition during stable disease and exacerbation in patients with bronchiectasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sputum was collected from patients when clinically stable and before and after completion of antibiotic treatment of exacerbations. Bacterial abundance and community composition were analyzed using anaerobic culture and 16S rDNA pyrosequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In clinically stable patients, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were detected in 40 of 40 (100%) and 33 of 40 (83%) sputum samples, respectively. The dominant organisms cultured were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 10 patients), Haemophilus influenzae (n = 12), Prevotella (n = 18), and Veillonella (n = 13). Pyrosequencing generated more than 150,000 sequences, representing 113 distinct microbial taxa; the majority of observed community richness resulted from taxa present in low abundance with similar patterns of phyla distribution in clinically stable patients and patients at the onset of exacerbation. After treatment of exacerbation, there was no change in total (P = 0.925), aerobic (P = 0.917), or anaerobic (P = 0.683) load and only a limited shift in community composition. Agreement for detection of bacteria by culture and pyrosequencing was good for aerobic bacteria such as P. aeruginosa (\u03ba = 0.84) but poorer for other genera including anaerobes. Lack of agreement was largely due to bacteria being detected by pyrosequencing but not by culture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A complex microbiota is present in the lungs of patients with bronchiectasis and remains stable through treatment of exacerbations, suggesting that changes in microbiota composition do not account for exacerbations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201210-1937oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,25]],"date-time":"2013-01-25T00:32:47Z","timestamp":1359073967000},"page":"1118-1126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":281,"title":["Lung Microbiota and Bacterial Abundance in Patients with Bronchiectasis when Clinically Stable and during Exacerbation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Tunney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Microbiology Research Group"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisli G.","family":"Einarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Microbiology Research Group"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Microbiology Research Group"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maire","family":"Drain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich R.","family":"Klem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis\/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Cardwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Ennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard C.","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis\/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Wolfgang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis\/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Stuart","family":"Elborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Microbiology Research Group"},{"name":"Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012519","article-title":"Bronchiectasis","volume":"346","author":"Barker","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0490","article-title":"Factors associated with lung function decline in adult patients with stable non\u2013cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis","volume":"132","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(03)00063-5","article-title":"Long-term antibiotics in the management of non-CF bronchiectasis\u2014do they improve outcome?","volume":"97","author":"Evans","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.2.739","article-title":"Quality-of-life determinants in patients with clinically stable bronchiectasis","volume":"128","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10081754","article-title":"Effect of sputum bacteriology on the quality of life of patients with bronchiectasis","volume":"10","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2011.02444.x","article-title":"Socioeconomic deprivation, readmissions, mortality and acute exacerbations of bronchiectasis","volume":"42","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.4.955","article-title":"Clinical, pathophysiologic, and microbiologic characterization of bronchiectasis in an aging cohort","volume":"108","author":"Nicotra","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.4.9906120","article-title":"An investigation into causative factors in patients with bronchiectasis","volume":"162","author":"Pasteur","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.1.15","article-title":"Bacterial colonisation in patients with bronchiectasis: microbiological pattern and risk factors","volume":"57","author":"Angrill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.03.009","article-title":"Microbiologic follow-up study in adult bronchiectasis","volume":"101","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200708-1151OC","article-title":"Detection of anaerobic bacteria in high numbers in sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"177","author":"Tunney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.137281","article-title":"Use of culture and molecular analysis to determine the effect of antibiotic treatment on microbial community diversity and abundance during exacerbation in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"66","author":"Tunney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11044","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011044","article-title":"Airway microbiota and pathogen abundance in age-stratified cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"5","author":"Cox","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4709","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00566-12","article-title":"Prevalence of streptococci and increased polymicrobial diversity associated with cystic fibrosis patient stability","volume":"194","author":"Filkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153ra130","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004458","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the human airway microbial ecology reveals a pervasive signature for cystic fibrosis","volume":"4","author":"Blainey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.136119","article-title":"British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis","volume":"65","author":"Pasteur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib17","first-page":"A48","article-title":"Microbial community composition in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis and non-CF bronchiectasis [abstract]","volume":"66","author":"Einarsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199409083311003","article-title":"Effect of aerosolized recombinant human DNase on exacerbations of respiratory symptoms and on pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"331","author":"Fuchs","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45001","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045001","article-title":"The adult cystic fibrosis airway microbiota is stable over time and infection type, and highly resilient to antibiotic treatment of exacerbations","volume":"7","author":"Fodor","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib20","author":"Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00127704","article-title":"Non-CF bronchiectasis: does knowing the aetiology lead to changes in management?","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.06.002","article-title":"Respiratory bacterial pathogens in the nasopharynx and lower airways of Australian indigenous children with bronchiectasis","volume":"157","author":"Hare","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.011577","article-title":"The need to redefine non\u2013cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in childhood","volume":"59","author":"Eastham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-201983","article-title":"British Thoracic Society national bronchiectasis audit 2010 and 2011","volume":"67","author":"Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0487OC","article-title":"Short- and long-term antibiotic treatment reduces airway and systemic inflammation in non\u2013cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis","volume":"186","author":"Chalmers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804326105","article-title":"A polymicrobial perspective of pulmonary infections exposes an enigmatic pathogen in cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"105","author":"Sibley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02659.x","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant obligate anaerobes during exacerbations of cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"15","author":"Worlitzsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20529","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709804104","article-title":"Molecular identification of bacteria in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from children with cystic fibrosis","volume":"104","author":"Harris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-9-14","article-title":"Studying bacteria in respiratory specimens by using conventional and molecular microbiological approaches","volume":"9","author":"Rogers","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.88","article-title":"Phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of bacteria associated with cystic fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Guss","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5809","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120577109","article-title":"Decade-long bacterial community dynamics in cystic fibrosis airways","volume":"109","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16384","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016384","article-title":"Analysis of the lung microbiome in the \u201chealthy\u201d smoker and in COPD","volume":"6","author":"Erb-Downward","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-2075OC","article-title":"The lung tissue microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"185","author":"Sze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8578","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008578","article-title":"Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways","volume":"5","author":"Hilty","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201104-0655OC","article-title":"Topographical continuity of bacterial populations in the healthy human respiratory tract","volume":"184","author":"Charlson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15101","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015101","article-title":"Reliability of quantitative real-time PCR for bacterial detection in cystic fibrosis airway specimens","volume":"5","author":"Zemanick","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33127","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033127","article-title":"Impact of enhanced Staphylococcus DNA extraction on microbial community measures in cystic fibrosis sputum","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22702","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022702","article-title":"Culture enriched molecular profiling of the cystic fibrosis airway microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Sibley","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.175","article-title":"Partitioning core and satellite taxa from within cystic fibrosis lung bacterial communities","volume":"5","author":"van der Gast","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201183","article-title":"Significance of the microbiome in obstructive lung disease","volume":"67","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00251","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00251-12","article-title":"Serial analysis of the gut and respiratory microbiome in cystic fibrosis in infancy: interaction between intestinal and respiratory tracts and impact of nutritional exposures","volume":"3","author":"Madan","year":"2012","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02282-05","article-title":"Use of 16S rRNA gene profiling by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to compare bacterial communities in sputum and mouthwash samples from patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"44","author":"Rogers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13769","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107435109","article-title":"Direct sampling of cystic fibrosis lungs indicates that DNA-based analyses of upper-airway specimens can misrepresent lung microbiota","volume":"109","author":"Goddard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-0099","article-title":"Trends and burden of bronchiectasis-associated hospitalizations in the United States, 1993\u20132006","volume":"138","author":"Seitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0800353","article-title":"Infection in the pathogenesis and course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"359","author":"Sethi","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200703-417OC","article-title":"Airway bacterial concentrations and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"176","author":"Sethi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200709-1413OC","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"177","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200932","article-title":"Long-term cultivation-independent microbial diversity analysis demonstrates that bacterial communities infecting the adult cystic fibrosis lung show stability and resilience","volume":"67","author":"Stressmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2011.05.002","article-title":"Does bacterial density in cystic fibrosis sputum increase prior to pulmonary exacerbation?","volume":"10","author":"Stressmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3326","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003326","article-title":"Polymicrobial nature of chronic diabetic foot ulcer biofilm infections determined using bacterial tag encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP)","volume":"3","author":"Dowd","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01904-05","article-title":"Differential genome contents of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strains from adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"74","author":"Fernaays","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1106126","article-title":"Effect of estrogen on Pseudomonas mucoidy and exacerbations in cystic fibrosis","volume":"366","author":"Chotirmall","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200708-1234OC","article-title":"Inflammatory profile of new bacterial strain exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"177","author":"Sethi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032158","article-title":"The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"350","author":"Hogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.2.9910086","article-title":"Tobramycin solution for inhalation reduces sputum Pseudomonas aeruginosa density in bronchiectasis","volume":"162","author":"Barker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1E099","article-title":"Inhaled tobramycin in non\u2013cystic fibrosis patients with bronchiectasis and chronic bronchial infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"39","author":"Drobnic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901073400104","article-title":"Intermittent administration of inhaled tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"340","author":"Ramsey","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200712-1804OC","article-title":"Inhaled aztreonam lysine for chronic airway Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis","volume":"178","author":"McCoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.06.005","article-title":"Effects of long-term low-dose azithromycin in patients with non-CF bronchiectasis","volume":"102","author":"Anwar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60953-2","article-title":"Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations in non\u2013cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (EMBRACE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"380","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026032100552305500_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00078-09","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and clinical application of macrolides as immunomodulatory medications","volume":"23","author":"Kanoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/187\/10\/1118\/67270166\/ajrccm_187_10_1118.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/187\/10\/1118\/67270166\/ajrccm_187_10_1118.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:55:35Z","timestamp":1774068935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/187\/10\/1118\/8510187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201210-1937oc","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.718250875.793490251","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}}}