{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T19:21:10Z","timestamp":1774120870805,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Up to one-third of patients assessed for occupational asthma (OA) do not receive a diagnosis of OA or any other medical disorder. Although several differential diagnoses are considered (e.g., rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), psychiatric disorders (many with somatic complaints that mimic asthma) are rarely considered or assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the prevalence of psychiatric disorders (mood and anxiety disorders and hypochondriasis) in patients suspected of having OA, and whether psychiatric morbidity increases the risk of not receiving any medical diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 219 consecutive patients (57% male; mean age, 41.8 \u00b1 11.1 yr) underwent sociodemographic and medical history interviews on the control or specific inhalation testing day of their OA evaluation. The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders was used to assess mood and anxiety disorders, and the Whiteley Hypochondriasis Index was used to assess hypochondriasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 26% (n = 50) of patients had OA; 25% (n = 48) had asthma or work-exacerbated asthma; 14% (n = 28) had another inflammatory disorder; 13% (n = 26) had a noninflammatory disorder; and 22% (n = 44) did not receive any medical diagnosis. A total of 34% (n = 67) of patients had a psychiatric disorder: mood and anxiety disorders affected 29% (n = 57) and 24% (n = 46) of the sample, respectively, and 7% (n = 12) had scores on the Whiteley Hypochondriasis Index indicating hypochondriasis. Hypochondriasis, but not mood or anxiety disorders, was associated with an increased risk of not receiving any medical diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio, 3.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.18\u201313.05; P = 0.026).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychiatric morbidity is common in this population, and hypochondriasis may account for a significant proportion of the \u201cundiagnosable\u201d cases of patients who present for evaluation of OA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201211-2076oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,15]],"date-time":"2013-03-15T06:11:06Z","timestamp":1363327866000},"page":"926-932","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders among Patients Investigated for Occupational Asthma. An Overlooked Differential Diagnosis?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Kim L.","family":"Lavoie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre and"},{"name":"Chronic Disease Research Axis, Research Centre, H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur de Montr\u00e9al\u2014a University of Montreal\u2013affiliated hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute\u2014a University of Montreal\u2013affiliated hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryann","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre and"},{"name":"Chronic Disease Research Axis, Research Centre, H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur de Montr\u00e9al\u2014a University of Montreal\u2013affiliated hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"Favreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre and"},{"name":"Chronic Disease Research Axis, Research Centre, H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur de Montr\u00e9al\u2014a University of Montreal\u2013affiliated hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Lemiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Disease Research Axis, Research Centre, H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur de Montr\u00e9al\u2014a University of Montreal\u2013affiliated hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"Labrecque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Disease Research Axis, Research Centre, H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur de Montr\u00e9al\u2014a University of Montreal\u2013affiliated hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Cartier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Disease Research Axis, Research Centre, H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur de Montr\u00e9al\u2014a University of Montreal\u2013affiliated hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Malo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Disease Research Axis, Research Centre, H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur de Montr\u00e9al\u2014a University of Montreal\u2013affiliated hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denyse","family":"Gautrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Disease Research Axis, Research Centre, H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur de Montr\u00e9al\u2014a University of Montreal\u2013affiliated hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon L.","family":"Bacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre and"},{"name":"Chronic Disease Research Axis, Research Centre, H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur de Montr\u00e9al\u2014a University of Montreal\u2013affiliated hospital, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute\u2014a University of Montreal\u2013affiliated hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib1","author":"Bernstein"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e328054c640","article-title":"Work-exacerbated asthma","volume":"7","author":"Henneberger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200311-1575SO","article-title":"Occupational asthma","volume":"172","author":"Mapp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199507133330207","article-title":"Occupational asthma","volume":"333","author":"Chan-Yeung","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S1579-2129(06)60221-8","article-title":"Prevalence of hyperventilation syndrome in patients treated for asthma in a pulmonology clinic","volume":"41","author":"Martinez-Moragon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib6"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(02)00029-X","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in asthmatic outpatients","volume":"110","author":"Naciemento","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05285.x","article-title":"Asthma symptoms associated with depression and lower quality of life: a population survey","volume":"178","author":"Goldney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-8343(03)00071-9","article-title":"Asthma and mental disorders in primary care","volume":"25","author":"Goodwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62206-5","article-title":"Prevalence of mood disorders and relationship to asthma severity in patients at an inner-city asthma clinic","volume":"87","author":"Netjeck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00436-2","article-title":"Asthma and panic attacks","volume":"42","author":"Perna","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib12","author":"Lacoste"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.47.1.25","article-title":"Use of induced sputum cell counts to investigate airway inflammation in asthma","volume":"47","author":"Pin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.2.8756799","article-title":"Indices of airway inflammation in induced sputum: reproducibility and validity of cell and fluid-phase measurements","volume":"154","author":"Pizzichini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.3.7663792","article-title":"Standardization of spirometry, 1994 update","volume":"152","author":"American Thoracic Society","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib16","first-page":"725","article-title":"Changes in the normal maximal expiratory flow-volume curve with growth and aging","volume":"127","author":"Knudson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.1.125","article-title":"Spirometry reference values for women and men 65 to 85 years of age. Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"147","author":"Enright","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10112612","article-title":"Inhalation challenges with agents causing occupational asthma","volume":"10","author":"Vandenplas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib19","author":"DiNardo"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520220043029","article-title":"Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study","volume":"272","author":"Spitzer","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.04.009","article-title":"Are exercise stress tests appropriate for assessing myocardial ischemia in patients with major depressive disorder?","volume":"148","author":"Lavoie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10106","article-title":"Diabetes and eating disorders in primary care","volume":"33","author":"Goodwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PSY.0000041544.14277.EC","article-title":"Major depression, physical illness, and suicidal ideation in primary Care","volume":"65","author":"Goodwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.4.1039","article-title":"What's worse for asthma control and quality of life: depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, or both?","volume":"130","author":"Lavoie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib25"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib26","article-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders, clinician version (SCID-CV)","author":"First","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(95)00561-7","article-title":"A validation study of the Whitely Index, the Illness Attitude Scales, and the Somatosensory Amplification Scale in general medical and general practice patients","volume":"40","author":"Speckens","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.113.494.89","article-title":"Dimensions of hypochondriasis","volume":"113","author":"Pilowsky","year":"1967","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib29","author":"Speckens"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.11.1125","article-title":"Mental disorders and asthma in the community","volume":"60","author":"Goodwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib31","first-page":"349","article-title":"The relationship of asthma and anxiety disorders","volume":"66","author":"Katon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000238213.04984.b0","article-title":"Features of hypochondriasis and illness worry in the general population in Germany","volume":"68","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib33","author":"Peveler"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-8343(98)00018-8","article-title":"DSM-IV hypochondriasis in primary care","volume":"20","author":"Escobar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005345","article-title":"The syndrome of hypochondriasis: a cross-national study in primary care","volume":"27","author":"Gureje","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00127206","article-title":"Assessment of impairment\/disability due to occupational asthma through a multidimensional approach","volume":"29","author":"Yacoub","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-9-76","article-title":"Identification of clinically significant psychological distress and psychiatric morbidity by examining quality of life in subjects with occupational asthma","volume":"9","author":"Miedinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31820d1338","article-title":"Quality-of-life, psychological, and cost outcomes 2 years after diagnosis of occupational asthma","volume":"53","author":"Miedinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.09.045","article-title":"Effect of current depression on the association of work-related asthma with adverse asthma outcomes: a cross-sectional study using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System","volume":"136","author":"Mazurek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib40","author":"Millon"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820240045006","article-title":"The validity of DSM-III-R hypochondriasis","volume":"50","author":"Noyes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026032100543393300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200107000-00007","article-title":"Resource utilization of patients with hypochondriacal health anxiety and somatization","volume":"39","author":"Barsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Care"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/187\/9\/926\/67269392\/ajrccm_187_9_926.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/187\/9\/926\/67269392\/ajrccm_187_9_926.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:54:40Z","timestamp":1774068880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/187\/9\/926\/8510141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201211-2076oc","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]}}}