{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T14:25:33Z","timestamp":1782311133851,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lung infections caused by opportunistic or virulent pathogens are a principal cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV infection. It is unknown whether HIV infection leads to changes in basal lung microflora, which may contribute to chronic pulmonary complications that increasingly are being recognized in individuals infected with HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether the immunodeficiency associated with HIV infection resulted in alteration of the lung microbiota.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used 16S ribosomal RNA targeted pyrosequencing and shotgun metagenomic sequencing to analyze bacterial gene sequences in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and mouths of 82 HIV-positive and 77 HIV-negative subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sequences representing Tropheryma whipplei, the etiologic agent of Whipple\u2019s disease, were significantly more frequent in BAL of HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative individuals. T. whipplei dominated the community (&amp;gt;50% of sequence reads) in 11 HIV-positive subjects, but only 1 HIV-negative individual (13.4 versus 1.3%; P = 0.0018). In 30 HIV-positive individuals sampled longitudinally, antiretroviral therapy resulted in a significantly reduced relative abundance of T. whipplei in the lung. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed on eight BAL samples dominated by T. whipplei 16S ribosomal RNA. Whole genome assembly of pooled reads showed that uncultured lung-derived T. whipplei had similar gene content to two isolates obtained from subjects with Whipple\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Asymptomatic subjects with HIV infection have unexpected colonization of the lung by T. whipplei, which is reduced by effective antiretroviral therapy and merits further study for a potential pathogenic role in chronic pulmonary complications of HIV infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201211-2145oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,8]],"date-time":"2013-02-08T03:10:28Z","timestamp":1360293028000},"page":"1110-1117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":185,"title":["Widespread Colonization of the Lung by\n                    <i>Tropheryma whipplei<\/i>\n                    in HIV Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Lozupone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adela","family":"Cota-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent E.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek J.","family":"Linderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily 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Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent B.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan V.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George M.","family":"Weinstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth 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