{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T14:38:38Z","timestamp":1793716718096,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous recessive disorder of motile cilia that leads to oto-sino-pulmonary diseases and organ laterality defects in approximately 50% of cases. The estimated incidence of PCD is approximately 1 per 15,000 births, but the prevalence of PCD is difficult to determine, primarily because of limitations in diagnostic methods that focus on testing ciliary ultrastructure and function. Diagnostic capabilities have recently benefitted from (1) documentation of low nasal nitric oxide production in PCD and (2) discovery of biallelic mutations in multiple PCD-causing genes. The use of these complementary diagnostic approaches shows that at least 30% of patients with PCD have normal ciliary ultrastructure. More accurate identification of patients with PCD has also allowed definition of a strong clinical phenotype, which includes neonatal respiratory distress in &amp;gt;80% of cases, daily nasal congestion and wet cough starting soon after birth, and early development of recurrent\/chronic middle-ear and sinus disease. Recent studies, using advanced imaging and pulmonary physiologic assessments, clearly demonstrate early onset of lung disease in PCD, with abnormal air flow mechanics by age 6\u20138 years that is similar to cystic fibrosis, and age-dependent onset of bronchiectasis. The treatment of PCD is not standardized, and there are no validated PCD-specific therapies. Most patients with PCD receive suboptimal management, which should include airway clearance, regular surveillance of pulmonary function and respiratory microbiology, and use of antibiotics targeted to pathogens. The PCD Foundation is developing a network of clinical centers, which should improve diagnosis and management of PCD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201301-0059ci","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,24]],"date-time":"2013-06-24T14:43:53Z","timestamp":1372085033000},"page":"913-922","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":469,"title":["Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Recent Advances in Diagnostics, Genetics, and Characterization of Clinical Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh Anne","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie D.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maimoona A.","family":"Zariwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret W.","family":"Leigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032100443447900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.096958","article-title":"Primary ciliary dyskinesia: current state of the art","volume":"92","author":"Bush","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2026032100443447900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.69.040705.141301","article-title":"Genetic defects in ciliary structure and function","volume":"69","author":"Zariwala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100443447900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00176608","article-title":"Primary ciliary dyskinesia: a consensus statement on diagnostic and treatment approaches in children","volume":"34","author":"Barbato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026032100443447900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e3181a53562","article-title":"Clinical and genetic aspects of primary ciliary dyskinesia\/Kartagener syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Leigh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"2026032100443447900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02141468","article-title":"Zur pathogenese der bronkiectasien. 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