{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T17:19:40Z","timestamp":1794244780575,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is renewed interest in non\u2013cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, which is a cause of significant morbidity in adults and can be diagnosed by high-resolution chest computed tomography scan. No longer mainly a complication after pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, diverse disease processes and mechanisms have been demonstrated to result in the chronic cough, purulent sputum production, and airway dilation that characterize this disease. Improved understanding of the role of mucus stasis in causing bacterial colonization has led to increased emphasis on the use of therapies that enhance airway clearance. Inhalational antibiotics reduce the bacterial burden associated with a worse outcome. Low-dose, chronic macrolide therapy has been shown to decrease exacerbation frequency and airway inflammation. For the first time, a number of therapies for non\u2013cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis are undergoing testing in clinical research trials designed specifically for this population. This concise clinical review focuses on the major etiologies, diagnostic testing, microbiology, and management of patients with adult non\u2013cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Systematic evaluation identifies a specific cause in the majority of patients and may affect subsequent treatment. We outline current therapies and review the data that support their use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201303-0411ci","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]],"date-time":"2013-07-30T11:24:14Z","timestamp":1375183454000},"page":"647-656","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":333,"title":["Non\u2013Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Pamela J.","family":"McShane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward T.","family":"Naureckas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Tino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Strek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032100461636400_bib1","author":"La\u00ebnnec","year":"1819"},{"key":"2026032100461636400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(03)00105-2","article-title":"CT of airways disease and bronchiectasis","volume":"40","author":"McGuinness","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026032100461636400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.136119","article-title":"British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis","volume":"65","author":"Pasteur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026032100461636400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2209","article-title":"Trends in bronchiectasis among Medicare beneficiaries in the United States, 2000 to 2007","volume":"142","author":"Seitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032100461636400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cpm.0000171422.98696.ed","article-title":"Prevalence and economic burden of bronchiectasis","volume":"12","author":"Weycker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pulm Med"},{"key":"2026032100461636400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.02.002","article-title":"Analysis of the factors related to mortality in patients with bronchiectasis","volume":"101","author":"Onen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026032100461636400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00003709","article-title":"Mortality in bronchiectasis: a long-term study assessing the factors influencing survival","volume":"34","author":"Loebinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026032100461636400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-13-21","article-title":"Risk factors for morbidity and death in non\u2013cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of CT diagnosed bronchiectatic patients","volume":"13","author":"Goeminne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026032100461636400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.5.3.233","article-title":"Reduction in bronchial subdivision in bronchiectasis","volume":"5","author":"Reid","year":"1950","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026032100461636400_bib10","first-page":"6","article-title":"Inflammation: a two-edged sword\u2014the model of bronchiectasis","volume":"147","author":"Cole","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis Suppl"},{"key":"2026032100461636400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.8.685","article-title":"Increases in CD4+ T lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and interleukin 8 positive cells in the airways of patients with bronchiectasis","volume":"53","author":"Gaga","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026032100461636400_bib12","first-page":"199","article-title":"Studies on pulmonary secretions. 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