{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T19:20:00Z","timestamp":1781551200464,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Air trapping and airflow obstruction are being increasingly identified in infants with cystic fibrosis. These findings are commonly attributed to airway infection, inflammation, and mucus buildup.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To learn if air trapping and airflow obstruction are present before the onset of airway infection and inflammation in cystic fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>On the day they are born, piglets with cystic fibrosis lack airway infection and inflammation. Therefore, we used newborn wild-type piglets and piglets with cystic fibrosis to assess air trapping, airway size, and lung volume with inspiratory and expiratory X-ray computed tomography scans. Micro\u2013computed tomography scanning was used to assess more distal airway sizes. Airway resistance was determined with a mechanical ventilator. Mean linear intercept and alveolar surface area were determined using stereologic methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>On the day they were born, piglets with cystic fibrosis exhibited air trapping more frequently than wild-type piglets (75% vs. 12.5%, respectively). Moreover, newborn piglets with cystic fibrosis had increased airway resistance that was accompanied by luminal size reduction in the trachea, mainstem bronchi, and proximal airways. In contrast, mean linear intercept length, alveolar surface area, and lung volume were similar between both genotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The presence of air trapping, airflow obstruction, and airway size reduction in newborn piglets with cystic fibrosis before the onset of airway infection, inflammation, and mucus accumulation indicates that cystic fibrosis impacts airway development. Our findings suggest that early airflow obstruction and air trapping in infants with cystic fibrosis might, in part, be caused by congenital airway abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201307-1268oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,29]],"date-time":"2013-10-29T15:55:26Z","timestamp":1383062126000},"page":"1434-1441","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Air Trapping and Airflow Obstruction in Newborn Cystic Fibrosis Piglets"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Adam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Michalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud H.","family":"Abou Alaiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maged S.","family":"Awadalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drake C.","family":"Bouzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Gansemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Taft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Hoegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Diwakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Ochs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; and"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Reinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard R.","family":"Beichel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David K.","family":"Meyerholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. 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