{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T09:09:21Z","timestamp":1793956161541,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This report summarizes current physiological and technical knowledge on esophageal pressure (Pes) measurements in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The respiratory changes in Pes are representative of changes in pleural pressure. The difference between airway pressure (Paw) and Pes is a valid estimate of transpulmonary pressure. Pes helps determine what fraction of Paw is applied to overcome lung and chest wall elastance. Pes is usually measured via a catheter with an air-filled thin-walled latex balloon inserted nasally or orally. To validate Pes measurement, a dynamic occlusion test measures the ratio of change in Pes to change in Paw during inspiratory efforts against a closed airway. A ratio close to unity indicates that the system provides a valid measurement. Provided transpulmonary pressure is the lung-distending pressure, and that chest wall elastance may vary among individuals, a physiologically based ventilator strategy should take the transpulmonary pressure into account. For monitoring purposes, clinicians rely mostly on Paw and flow waveforms. However, these measurements may mask profound patient\u2013ventilator asynchrony and do not allow respiratory muscle effort assessment. Pes also permits the measurement of transmural vascular pressures during both passive and active breathing. Pes measurements have enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of acute lung injury, patient\u2013ventilator interaction, and weaning failure. The use of Pes for positive end-expiratory pressure titration may help improve oxygenation and compliance. Pes measurements make it feasible to individualize the level of muscle effort during mechanical ventilation and weaning. The time is now right to apply the knowledge obtained with Pes to improve the management of critically ill and ventilator-dependent patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201312-2193ci","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T23:24:31Z","timestamp":1393716271000},"page":"520-531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":549,"title":["The Application of Esophageal Pressure Measurement in Patients with Respiratory Failure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Akoumianaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore M.","family":"Maggiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Agostino Gemelli Hospital, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Valenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca\u2019 Granda\u2013Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Bellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Milan-Bicocca and Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Jubran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Edward Hines, Jr. Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines and Loyola University of Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen H.","family":"Loring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Pelosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, IRCCS San Martino Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Talmor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Grasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento dell\u2019Emergenza e dei Trapianti di Organi, Sezione di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Chiumello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione, e Terapia del Dolore, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Gu\u00e9rin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, and Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale 1044, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolo","family":"Patroniti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Milan-Bicocca and Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. Marco","family":"Ranieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Turin, and S. Giovanni Battista Molinette Hospital, Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Gattinoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione, e Emergenza Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda\u2013Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Nava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory and Critical Care, Sant\u2019Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna and Department of Specialist, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro-Paolo","family":"Terragni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Turin, and S. Giovanni Battista Molinette Hospital, Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Pesenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Milan-Bicocca and Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Tobin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Edward Hines, Jr. Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines and Loyola University of Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Mancebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Brochard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Department, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Keenan Research Centre and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib1","year":"1949"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(52)92151-X","article-title":"A method of assessing the mechanical properties of lungs and air-passages","volume":"2","author":"Dornhorst","year":"1952","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1955.8.2.203","article-title":"A comparison of esophageal and intrapleural pressure in man","volume":"8","author":"Cherniack","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2490-7","article-title":"ECMO criteria for influenza A (H1N1)\u2013associated ARDS: role of transpulmonary pressure","volume":"38","author":"Grasso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200503-356OC","article-title":"Weaning prediction: esophageal pressure monitoring complements readiness testing","volume":"171","author":"Jubran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708638","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation guided by esophageal pressure in acute lung injury","volume":"359","author":"Talmor","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-008-1121-9","article-title":"Reduction of patient\u2013ventilator asynchrony by reducing tidal volume during pressure-support ventilation","volume":"34","author":"Thille","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib8","article-title":"Monitoring respiratory mechanics in spontaneously breathing patients","author":"Tobin","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.cp030309","article-title":"Static behavior of the respiratory system","author":"Agostoni","year":"1986"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.02.006","article-title":"Esophageal pressure as an estimate of average pleural pressure with lung or chest distortion in rats","volume":"186","author":"Pecchiari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.5.1458","article-title":"Effects of acute pleural effusion on respiratory system mechanics in dogs","volume":"59","author":"Krell","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01883","article-title":"Comparison of 2 correction methods for absolute values of esophageal pressure in subjects with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, mechanically ventilated in the ICU","volume":"57","author":"Gu\u00e9rin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31828a3de5","article-title":"Pleural pressure and optimal positive end-expiratory pressure based on esophageal pressure versus chest wall elastance: incompatible results","volume":"41","author":"Gulati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00835.2009","article-title":"Esophageal pressures in acute lung injury: do they represent artifact or useful information about transpulmonary pressure, chest wall mechanics, and lung stress?","volume":"108","author":"Loring","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib15","first-page":"166","article-title":"Occult positive end-expiratory pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with airflow obstruction: the auto-PEEP effect","volume":"126","author":"Pepe","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib16","author":"Roussos","year":"1985"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib17","article-title":"Volume displacements of the chest wall and their mechanical significance","author":"Mead","year":"1985"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.2.513","article-title":"Inspiratory pressure support prevents diaphragmatic fatigue during weaning from mechanical ventilation","volume":"139","author":"Brochard","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108619","article-title":"The relationship of respiratory failure to the oxygen consumption of, lactate production by, and distribution of blood flow among respiratory muscles during increasing inspiratory resistance","volume":"59","author":"Robertson","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108620","article-title":"The distribution of blood flow, oxygen consumption, and work output among the respiratory muscles during unobstructed hyperventilation","volume":"59","author":"Robertson","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00468.x","article-title":"Ventilatory failure, ventilator support, and ventilator weaning","volume":"2","author":"Tobin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.1.44","article-title":"Respiratory muscle oxygen consumption estimated by the diaphragm pressure\u2013time index","volume":"57","author":"Field","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197004000-00017","article-title":"The work of breathing: potential for clinical application and the results of studies performed on 100 normal males","volume":"171","author":"Ballantine","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib24","first-page":"373","article-title":"[Some ways of function of the thoracopulmonary apparatus in the normal elderly person]","volume":"52","author":"Delhez","year":"1961","journal-title":"Acta Tuberc Pneumol Belg"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08111901","article-title":"Comparative effects of pressure support ventilation and intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) in non-intubated healthy subjects","volume":"8","author":"Mancebo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.6.9196100","article-title":"Comparison of assisted ventilator modes on triggering, patient effort, and dyspnea","volume":"155","author":"Leung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(01)00143-5","article-title":"Technical protocol for the use of esophageal manometry in the diagnosis of sleep-related breathing disorders","volume":"3","author":"Kushida","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.88.5.653","article-title":"Influence of lung and chest wall compliances on transmission of airway pressure to the pleural space in critically ill patients","volume":"88","author":"Jardin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0349-5","article-title":"Results from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. I. Definitions","volume":"32","author":"Malbrain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.4.97-01052","article-title":"Impairment of lung and chest wall mechanics in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: role of abdominal distension","volume":"156","author":"Ranieri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2906-z","article-title":"Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome: updated consensus definitions and clinical practice guidelines from the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3182a05bb8","article-title":"Accuracy of plateau pressure and stress index to identify injurious ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"119","author":"Terragni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.2.575","article-title":"Volume infusion produces abdominal distension, lung compression, and chest wall stiffening in pigs","volume":"72","author":"Mutoh","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200209-1060OC","article-title":"An increase of abdominal pressure increases pulmonary edema in oleic acid\u2013induced lung injury","volume":"169","author":"Quintel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.1.9708031","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease: different syndromes?","volume":"158","author":"Gattinoni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.2.7633703","article-title":"Alterations of lung and chest wall mechanics in patients with acute lung injury: effects of positive end-expiratory pressure","volume":"152","author":"Pelosi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib37","first-page":"1054","article-title":"How to prevent ventilator-induced lung injury?","volume":"78","author":"De Prost","year":"2012","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801","article-title":"Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"342","author":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31824e1b65","article-title":"Physiological effects of an open lung ventilatory strategy titrated on elastance-derived end-inspiratory transpulmonary pressure: study in a pig model","volume":"40","author":"Staffieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301082","article-title":"A trial of intraoperative low-tidal-volume ventilation in abdominal surgery","volume":"369","author":"Futier","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31829102de","article-title":"Protective mechanical ventilation during general anesthesia for open abdominal surgery improves postoperative pulmonary function","volume":"118","author":"Severgnini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib42","first-page":"72","article-title":"Chest wall mechanics and abdominal pressure during general anaesthesia in normal and obese individuals and in acute lung injury","volume":"17","author":"Pelosi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib43","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation in obese patients","volume":"78","author":"Leme Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1978.44.5.743","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of positive end-expiratory pressure in dogs","volume":"44","author":"Cassidy","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(77)90072-5","article-title":"The effect of vascular volume on positive end-expiratory pressure\u2013induced cardiac output depression and wedge\u2013left atrial pressure discrepancy","volume":"23","author":"Zarins","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2007.07.004","article-title":"Invasive intravascular hemodynamic monitoring: technical issues","volume":"23","author":"Magder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.2.411","article-title":"Improved efficacy of spontaneous breathing with inspiratory pressure support","volume":"136","author":"Brochard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199401000-00006","article-title":"Regulation of inspiratory neuromuscular output during synchronized intermittent mechanical ventilation","volume":"80","author":"Imsand","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1986.134.5.902","article-title":"The inspiratory workload of patient-initiated mechanical ventilation","volume":"134","author":"Marini","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/138.5.1169","article-title":"External work output and force generation during synchronized intermittent mechanical ventilation: effect of machine assistance on breathing effort","volume":"138","author":"Marini","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.6.1592","article-title":"Patient\u2013ventilator trigger asynchrony in prolonged mechanical ventilation","volume":"112","author":"Chao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0301-8","article-title":"Patient\u2013ventilator asynchrony during assisted mechanical ventilation","volume":"32","author":"Thille","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2008.08.011","article-title":"Observational study of patient\u2013ventilator asynchrony and relationship to sedation level","volume":"24","author":"de Wit","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318225753c","article-title":"Efficacy of ventilator waveforms observation in detecting patient\u2013ventilator asynchrony","volume":"39","author":"Colombo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31828a42e5","article-title":"Bedside adjustment of proportional assist ventilation to target a predefined range of respiratory effort","volume":"41","author":"Carteaux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1817","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation\u2013induced reverse-triggered breaths: a frequently unrecognized form of neuromechanical coupling","volume":"143","author":"Akoumianaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.3.9712057","article-title":"Entrainment of respiration in humans by periodic lung inflations: effect of state and CO2","volume":"160","author":"Simon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-3032-7","article-title":"Potentially harmful effects of inspiratory synchronization during pressure preset ventilation","volume":"39","author":"Richard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib59","first-page":"2740","article-title":"Ineffective triggering predicts increased duration of mechanical ventilation","volume":"37","author":"de Wit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.6.9704025","article-title":"Response of ventilator-dependent patients to different levels of pressure support and proportional assist","volume":"159","author":"Giannouli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201303-0539OC","article-title":"Spontaneous effort causes occult pendelluft during mechanical ventilation","volume":"188","author":"Yoshida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1416-5","article-title":"Patient\u2013ventilator asynchrony during non-invasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure: a multicenter study","volume":"35","author":"Vignaux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1515-z","article-title":"Intrinsic (or auto-) positive end-expiratory pressure during spontaneous or assisted ventilation","volume":"28","author":"Brochard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.2.7842221","article-title":"Expiratory muscle activity increases intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure independently of dynamic hyperinflation in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"151","author":"Lessard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib65","article-title":"Weaning from mechanical ventilation","author":"Tobin","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.3.9117025","article-title":"Pathophysiologic basis of acute respiratory distress in patients who fail a trial of weaning from mechanical ventilation","volume":"155","author":"Jubran","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198808000-00004","article-title":"Acute left ventricular dysfunction during unsuccessful weaning from mechanical ventilation","volume":"69","author":"Lemaire","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(72)90023-2","article-title":"Objective indications for respirator therapy in post-trauma and postoperative patients","volume":"124","author":"Peters","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib69","first-page":"367","article-title":"Prediction of respiratory muscle fatigue by measurements of the work of breathing","volume":"136","author":"Proctor","year":"1973","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-1870-0","article-title":"Physiological comparison of three spontaneous breathing trials in difficult-to-wean patients","volume":"36","author":"Cabello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.45.6.719","article-title":"Effects of spontaneous respiration on canine left ventricular function","volume":"45","author":"Summer","year":"1979","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.47.3.628","article-title":"Measurement of transdiaphragmatic pressure with a single gastric\u2013esophageal probe","volume":"47","author":"Gilbert","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib73","first-page":"959","article-title":"Esophageal pressure: benefit and limitations","volume":"78","author":"Hedenstierna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1964.19.2.207","article-title":"Improved technique for estimating pleural pressure from esophageal balloons","volume":"19","author":"Milic-Emili","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1958.13.3.481","article-title":"Measurement of endoesophageal pressure","volume":"13","author":"Petit","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1959.14.6.1057","article-title":"An improved balloon system for measuring intraesophageal pressure","volume":"14","author":"Schilder","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib77","first-page":"788","article-title":"A simple method for assessing the validity of the esophageal balloon technique","volume":"126","author":"Baydur","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.106.1.137","article-title":"Effect of a nasogastric tube on esophageal pressure measurement in normal adults","volume":"106","author":"Niknam","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2178-4","article-title":"A validation study of a new nasogastric polyfunctional catheter","volume":"37","author":"Chiumello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1955.7.5.491","article-title":"Measurement of intraesophageal pressure","volume":"7","author":"Mead","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib81","first-page":"S194","article-title":"The use of an oesophageal balloon to measure pleural pressure: effects of different inflation volumes","volume":"37","author":"Mojoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib82","article-title":"Esophageal pressure measurement","author":"Araujo Zin","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib83","first-page":"68","article-title":"Esophageal and gastric pressure measurements","volume-title":"Respir Care","author":"Benditt","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.6.2602","article-title":"Pulmonary and chest wall mechanics in anesthetized paralyzed humans","volume":"70","author":"D\u2019Angelo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198310000-00012","article-title":"Measurement of pleural pressure with esophageal balloon in anesthetized humans","volume":"59","author":"Higgs","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950170110","article-title":"Validation of esophageal pressure occlusion test after paralysis","volume":"17","author":"Lanteri","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.5.1647","article-title":"Active and passive respiratory mechanics in anesthetized dogs","volume":"61","author":"Zin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1159\/000241090","article-title":"Relationship of intra-oesophageal pressure to mouth pressure during the measurement of thoracic gas volume in the newborn","volume":"33","author":"Milner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.62.1.315","article-title":"Validation of esophageal balloon technique at different lung volumes and postures","volume":"62","author":"Baydur","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.218","article-title":"Higher vs lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"303","author":"Briel","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214103","article-title":"Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"368","author":"Gu\u00e9rin","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100340963800_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005372","article-title":"Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"363","author":"Papazian","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/189\/5\/520\/67238322\/ajrccm_189_5_520.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/189\/5\/520\/67238322\/ajrccm_189_5_520.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:35:10Z","timestamp":1774067710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/189\/5\/520\/8506113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201312-2193ci","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.718254278.793529530","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]}}}