{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T16:03:37Z","timestamp":1791129817732,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Randomized, controlled trials have demonstrated that chronic therapy with macrolide antibiotics reduces the morbidity of patients with cystic fibrosis, non\u2013cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Lower levels of evidence indicate that chronic macrolides are also effective in treating patients with panbronchiolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, and rejection after lung transplant. Macrolides are known to cause torsade des pointes and other ventricular arrhythmias, and a recent observational study prompted the FDA to strengthen the Warnings and Precautions section of azithromycin drug labels. This summary describes the electrophysiological effects of macrolides, reviews literature indicating that the large majority of subjects experiencing cardiac arrhythmias from macrolides have coexisting risk factors and that the incidence of arrhythmias in absence of coexisting risk factors is very low, examines recently published studies describing the relative risk of arrhythmias from macrolides, and concludes that this risk has been overestimated and suggests an approach to patient evaluation that should reduce the relative risk and the incidence of arrhythmias to the point that chronic macrolides can be used safely in the majority of subjects for whom they are recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201402-0385ci","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]],"date-time":"2014-04-07T16:28:34Z","timestamp":1396888114000},"page":"1173-1180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Macrolide Antibiotics and the Risk of Cardiac Arrhythmias"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Albert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Health, Denver, Colorado; and"},{"name":"University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Schuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Health, Denver, Colorado; and"},{"name":"University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado for the COPD Clinical Research Network"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003833","article-title":"Azithromycin and the risk of cardiovascular death","volume":"366","author":"Ray","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200427030-00001","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic aspects of drug-induced torsade de pointes: potential tool for improving clinical drug development and prescribing","volume":"27","author":"Shah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.08.067","article-title":"Prolonged QTc interval and risk of sudden cardiac death in a population of older adults","volume":"47","author":"Straus","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra032426","article-title":"Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval","volume":"350","author":"Roden","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(87)90664-8","article-title":"Torsades de pointes associated with drugs and toxins: recognition and management","volume":"113","author":"Stratmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.16.2120","article-title":"What clinicians should know about the QT interval","volume":"289","author":"Al-Khatib","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200124050-00001","article-title":"Evaluation of drug-induced QT interval prolongation: implications for drug approval and labelling","volume":"24","author":"Malik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib8","author":"Arizona Center for Education and Research in Therapeutics"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.4.1832","article-title":"Electrophysiological mechanisms in a canine model of erythromycin-associated long QT syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Rubart","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.91.12.3010","article-title":"Erythromycin blocks the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current and lengthens repolarization of guinea pig ventricular myocytes","volume":"91","author":"Daleau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(96)00377-4","article-title":"Cellular and ionic mechanisms underlying erythromycin-induced long QT intervals and torsade de pointes","volume":"28","author":"Antzelevitch","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.109.862649","article-title":"Latent genetic backgrounds and molecular pathogenesis in drug-induced long-QT syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Itoh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-111-7-549","article-title":"Amiodarone and torsade de pointes","volume":"111","author":"Lazzara","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.9.2778","article-title":"KVLQT1 C-terminal missense mutation causes a forme fruste long-QT syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Donger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2000.tb00033.x","article-title":"Evidence for a cardiac ion channel mutation underlying drug-induced QT prolongation and life-threatening arrhythmias","volume":"11","author":"Napolitano","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-003-0522-z","article-title":"Genetic variations of KCNQ1, KCNH2, SCN5A, KCNE1, and KCNE2 in drug-induced long QT syndrome patients","volume":"82","author":"Paulussen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2007.01.019","article-title":"Further evidence of inherited long QT syndrome gene mutations in antiarrhythmic drug-associated torsades de pointes","volume":"4","author":"Lehtonen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000014448.19052.4C","article-title":"Allelic variants in long-QT disease genes in patients with drug-associated torsades de pointes","volume":"105","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.4.529","article-title":"Low penetrance in the long-QT syndrome: clinical impact","volume":"99","author":"Priori","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02107-8","article-title":"Long QT syndromes and torsade de pointes","volume":"354","author":"Viskin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199209173271204","article-title":"The spectrum of symptoms and QT intervals in carriers of the gene for the long-QT syndrome","volume":"327","author":"Vincent","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80728-X","article-title":"MiRP1 forms IKr potassium channels with HERG and is associated with cardiac arrhythmia","volume":"97","author":"Abbott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1998.tb00148.x","article-title":"Taking the \u201cidio\u201d out of \u201cidiosyncratic\u201d: predicting torsades de pointes","volume":"21","author":"Roden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-0620(88)90014-X","article-title":"The long QT syndromes: a critical review, new clinical observations and a unifying hypothesis","volume":"31","author":"Jackman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198808043190501","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients with ventricular fibrillation during antiarrhythmic drug therapy","volume":"319","author":"Minardo","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib26","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Electrophysiological study of pro-arrhythmogenic effects of erythromycin [in French]","volume":"81","author":"Ponsonnaille","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.4.983","article-title":"The effects of erythromycin on the electrocardiogram","volume":"115","author":"Mishra","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199912000-00009","article-title":"Effect of erythromycin on myocardial repolarization in patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"92","author":"Kdesh","year":"1999","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90305-W","article-title":"Erythromycin-induced long QT syndrome: concordance with quinidine and underlying cellular electrophysiologic mechanism","volume":"89","author":"Nattel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib30","first-page":"9","article-title":"Erythromycin pharmacokinetics in man","volume":"8","author":"Houin","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1980.tb01755.x","article-title":"Intersubject and dose-related variability after intravenous administration of erythromycin","volume":"10","author":"Austin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/20.suppl_B.81","article-title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics of macrolides","volume":"20","author":"Nilsen","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.10.2630-2637.2000","article-title":"Comparative pharmacodynamic analysis of Q-T interval prolongation induced by the macrolides clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin in rats","volume":"44","author":"Ohtani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.037911","article-title":"Divergent proarrhythmic potential of macrolide antibiotics despite similar QT prolongation: fast phase 3 repolarization prevents early afterdepolarizations and torsade de pointes","volume":"303","author":"Milberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(84)80237-4","article-title":"Recurrent ventricular tachycardia associated with QT prolongation after mitral valve replacement and its association with intravenous administration of erythromycin","volume":"54","author":"McComb","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib36","first-page":"896","article-title":"Torsade de pointes induced by the combination lidocaine-erythromycin and hepatic insufficiency [in French]","volume":"14","author":"Gueugniaud","year":"1985","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(86)90306-1","article-title":"QT prolongation and recurrent \u201ctorsades de pointes\u201d during erythromycin lactobionate infusion","volume":"58","author":"Guelon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(87)80096-6","article-title":"Effect of erythromycin on ventricular arrhythmias and ventricular repolarization in idiopathic long QT syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Freedman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0750-7658(88)80126-6","article-title":"Attack of torsades de pointes induced by an intravenous injection of erythromycin lactobionate [in French]","volume":"7","author":"Kilani","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Fr Anesth Reanim"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0750-7658(88)80022-4","article-title":"Peroperative circulatory arrest after intravenous injection of erythromycin lactobionate [in French]","volume":"7","author":"Hummel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Fr Anesth Reanim"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6736.1375","article-title":"Association of intravenous erythromycin and potentially fatal ventricular tachycardia with Q-T prolongation (torsades de pointes)","volume":"300","author":"Schoenenberger","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.98.1.222","article-title":"Torsades de pointes associated with antimicrobial therapy for pneumonia","volume":"98","author":"Lindsay","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib43","first-page":"39","article-title":"QT prolongation and circulatory arrest after an injection of erythromycin in a newborn infant [in French]","volume":"48","author":"Benoit","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Fr Pediatr"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib44","first-page":"131","article-title":"Erythromycin-induced torsades de pointes and ventricular fibrillation in a patient with Legionella pneumonia","volume":"44","author":"de Koning","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib45","first-page":"161","article-title":"Erythromycin induced Torsades de Pointes: case report and review of the literature","volume":"47","author":"Rezkalla","year":"1994","journal-title":"S D J Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.6.995","article-title":"Erythromycin-induced QT prolongation and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (torsades de pointes): case report and review","volume":"18","author":"Brandriss","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1996.tb03650.x","article-title":"QTc-interval prolongation associated with slow intravenous erythromycin lactobionate infusions in critically ill patients: a prospective evaluation and review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Tschida","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(89)90346-X","article-title":"Potentially fatal interaction between erythromycin and disopyramide","volume":"86","author":"Ragosta","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199711000-00010","article-title":"Long Q-T syndrome associated with oral erythromycin used in preoperative bowel preparation","volume":"85","author":"Vogt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00059-X","article-title":"QT prolongation and Torsades de Pointes associated with clarithromycin","volume":"104","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1999.tb00512.x","article-title":"Torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia induced by clarithromycin and disopyramide in the presence of hypokalemia","volume":"22","author":"Hayashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1007\/s003900050273","article-title":"Clarithromycin-assoziierte syncope als erstmanifestation eines angeborenen langen QT-syndromes?","volume":"36","author":"Wasmer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intensivmed"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.63.421","article-title":"Clarithromycin associated with torsades de pointes","volume":"63","author":"Kamochi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Jpn Circ J"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1212055","article-title":"U.S. outpatient antibiotic prescribing, 2010","volume":"368","author":"Hicks","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2000.tb00976.x","article-title":"Potentially fatal interaction between azithromycin and disopyramide","volume":"23","author":"Granowitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7753(01)72036-2","article-title":"Torsade de pointes and cardiorespiratory arrest induced by azithromycin in a patient with congenital long QT syndrome [in Spanish]","volume":"117","author":"Arellano-Rodrigo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2001.01572.x","article-title":"QT prolongation associated with azithromycin\/amiodarone combination","volume":"24","author":"Samarendra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib58","first-page":"U666","article-title":"A case of QT-interval prolongation precipitated by azithromycin","volume":"116","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib59","first-page":"30","article-title":"Azithromycin-induced QT prolongation in elderly patient","volume":"77","author":"Russo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2005.50146.x","article-title":"Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with a normal QT interval following azithromycin","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-007-9124-y","article-title":"Azithromycin as a cause of QT-interval prolongation and torsade de pointes in the absence of other known precipitating factors","volume":"18","author":"Kezerashvili","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib62","first-page":"104","article-title":"Macrolides and torsadogenic risk: emerging issues from the FDA pharmacovigilance database","volume":"1","author":"Raschi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pharmacovigilance"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2005.12.003","article-title":"Torsades de pointes induced by antibiotics","volume":"17","author":"Justo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040582","article-title":"Oral erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes","volume":"351","author":"Ray","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1302726","article-title":"Cardiovascular risks with azithromycin and other antibacterial drugs","volume":"368","author":"Mosholder","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.21.3.301.34206","article-title":"Risk assessment for antimicrobial agent-induced QTc interval prolongation and torsades de pointes","volume":"21","author":"Owens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510210076031","article-title":"Female gender as a risk factor for torsades de pointes associated with cardiovascular drugs","volume":"270","author":"Makkar","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.6.1471","article-title":"Sex hormones prolong the QT interval and downregulate potassium channel expression in the rabbit heart","volume":"94","author":"Drici","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.20.1774","article-title":"Cardiac actions of erythromycin: influence of female sex","volume":"280","author":"Drici","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.17.2207","article-title":"Impact of sex and gonadal steroids on prolongation of ventricular repolarization and arrhythmias induced by I(K)-blocking drugs","volume":"103","author":"Pham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000033596.21845.D8","article-title":"Testosterone diminishes the proarrhythmic effects of dofetilide in normal female rabbits","volume":"106","author":"Pham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(01)00387-X","article-title":"Reduced repolarization reserve in ventricular myocytes from female mice","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib73","first-page":"690","article-title":"Sex differences in the evolution of the electrocardiographic QT interval with age","volume":"8","author":"Rautaharju","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.10.2535","article-title":"Sex difference in risk of torsade de pointes with d,l-sotalol","volume":"94","author":"Lehmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1300799","article-title":"Use of azithromycin and death from cardiovascular causes","volume":"368","author":"Svanstr\u00f6m","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201212-2187OE","article-title":"\u201cLies, damned lies..\u201d and observational studies in comparative effectiveness research","volume":"187","author":"Albert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38666.653600.55","article-title":"Randomized placebo controlled multicentre trial to assess short term clarithromycin for patients with stable coronary heart disease: CLARICOR trial","volume":"332","author":"Jespersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f1235","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f1235","article-title":"Cardiovascular events after clarithromycin use in lower respiratory tract infections: analysis of two prospective cohort studies","volume":"346","author":"Schembri","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.2.404","article-title":"Elevated Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies, cardiovascular events, and azithromycin in male survivors of myocardial infarction","volume":"96","author":"Gupta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.12.1540","article-title":"Randomized secondary prevention trail of azithromycin in patients with coronary artery disease and serological evidence for Chlamydia pneumonia infection: the Azithromycin in Coronary Artery Disease: Elimination of Myocardial Infection with Chlamydia (ACADEMIC) study","volume":"99","author":"Anderson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1998.1283","article-title":"Treatment with the antibiotic roxithromycin in patients with acute non-Q-wave coronary syndromes: the final report of the ROXIS Study","volume":"20","author":"Gurfinkel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000012544.07696.1F","article-title":"Effect of 3 months of antimicrobial treatment with clarithromycin in acute non-q-wave coronary syndrome","volume":"105","author":"Sinisalo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000027820.66786.CF","article-title":"Effect of treatment for Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori on markers of inflammation and cardiac events in patients with acute coronary syndromes: South Thames Trial of Antibiotics in Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina (STAMINA)","volume":"106","author":"Stone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000054613.57105.06","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy after acute myocardial infarction: a prospective randomized study","volume":"107","author":"Zahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12706-7","article-title":"Effect of short-term treatment with azithromycin on recurrent ischaemic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome in the Azithromycin in Acute Coronary Syndrome (AZACS) trial: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"361","author":"Cercek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.11.1459","article-title":"Azithromycin for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease events: the WIZARD study: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"290","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib87","first-page":"S669","article-title":"Roxithromycin in prevention of acute coronary syndrome associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: a randomized placebo controlled trial","volume":"84","author":"Leowattana","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1086\/427111","article-title":"Treatment with clarithromycin prior to coronary artery bypass graft surgery does not prevent subsequent cardiac events","volume":"40","author":"Berg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043526","article-title":"Azithromycin for the secondary prevention of coronary events","volume":"352","author":"Grayston","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100390148300_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1104623","article-title":"Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD","volume":"365","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/189\/10\/1173\/67291074\/ajrccm_189_10_1173.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/189\/10\/1173\/67291074\/ajrccm_189_10_1173.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:40:49Z","timestamp":1774068049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/189\/10\/1173\/8506352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201402-0385ci","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}}}