{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T15:08:21Z","timestamp":1791126501616,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence linking active or passive smoking to the incidence of adult-onset asthma is inconsistent with both positive and inverse associations being reported. Most previous studies of active smoking have not accounted for passive smoke exposure, which may have introduced bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the separate associations of active and passive smoking to the incidence of adult-onset asthma in the U.S. Black Women\u2019s Health Study, a prospective cohort of African American women followed since 1995 with mailed biennial questionnaires.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Active smoking status was reported at baseline and updated on all follow-up questionnaires. Passive smoke exposure during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood was ascertained in 1997. Asthma cases comprised women who reported doctor-diagnosed asthma with concurrent asthma medication use. Cox regression models were used to derive multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for former and current smoking and for passive smoking among nonsmokers compared with a reference category of never active or passive smokers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 46,182 participants followed from 1995 to 2011, 1,523 reported incident asthma. The multivariable HRs for former active smoking, current active smoking, and passive smoking only were, respectively, 1.36 (95% CI, 1.11\u20131.67), 1.43 (95% CI, 1.15\u20131.77), and 1.21 (95% CI, 1.00\u20131.45), compared with never active\/passive smoking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this large population with 16 years of follow-up, active smoking increased the incidence of adult-onset asthma, and passive smoke exposure increased the risk among nonsmokers. Continued efforts to reduce exposure to tobacco smoke may have a beneficial effect on the incidence of adult-onset asthma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201406-1108oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]],"date-time":"2014-11-11T11:30:00Z","timestamp":1415705400000},"page":"168-176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Active and Passive Smoking and the Incidence of Asthma in the Black Women\u2019s Health Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Patricia F.","family":"Coogan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Slone Epidemiology Center and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelsy","family":"Castro-Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Slone Epidemiology Center and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Slone Epidemiology Center 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