{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:12:57Z","timestamp":1793394777025,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002g","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI083216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI083216"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002g","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002g","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12 HD055884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12 HD055884"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002g","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002g","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37 HL068546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37 HL068546"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002g","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002g","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL0788860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL0788860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002g","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002g","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI104733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI104733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002g","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ernest S. Bazley Foundation"},{"name":"Chronic Rhinosinusitis Integrative Studies Program","award":["U19-AI106683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19-AI106683"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) are not clear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To first evaluate the inflammatory profiles of CRSsNP and CRSwNP tissues and then to investigate whether clinical differences observed between CRSwNP and AERD are in part secondary to differences in inflammatory mediator expression within nasal polyp (NP) tissues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Expression levels of numerous inflammatory mediators were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, ELISA, and multiplex immunoassay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRSwNP NP had increased levels of type 2 mediators, including IL-5 (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), IL-13 (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), eotaxin-2 (P \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-4 (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), compared with sinonasal tissue from subjects with CRSsNP and control subjects. Expression of IFN-\u03b3 messenger RNA or protein was low and not different among the chronic rhinosinusitis subtypes examined. Compared with CRSwNP, AERD NP had elevated protein levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), granulocyte\u2013macrophage colony\u2013stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), and MCP-1 (P\u2009=\u20090.01), as well as decreased gene expression of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (P\u2009=\u20090.02). Despite the higher eosinophilia in AERD, there was no associated increase in type 2 mediator protein levels observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRSwNP was characterized by a predominant type 2 inflammatory environment, whereas CRSsNP did not reflect a classic type 1 milieu, as has been suggested previously. AERD can be distinguished from CRSwNP by elevated ECP levels, but this enhanced eosinophilia is not associated with elevations in traditional type 2 inflammatory mediators associated with eosinophil proliferation and recruitment. However, other factors, including GM-CSF, MCP-1, and tPA, may be important contributors to AERD pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201412-2278oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]],"date-time":"2015-06-11T12:58:52Z","timestamp":1434027532000},"page":"682-694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":275,"title":["Cytokines in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. 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