{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T15:07:28Z","timestamp":1792249648288,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002g","name":"National Institutes of Health\/NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1-R01-HL103764-01 and 1-R01-HL105215-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-R01-HL103764-01 and 1-R01-HL105215-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002g","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subglottic edema and acquired subglottic stenosis are potentially airway-compromising sequelae in neonates following endotracheal intubation. At present, no imaging modality is capable of in vivo diagnosis of subepithelial airway wall pathology as signs of intubation-related injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To use Fourier domain long-range optical coherence tomography (LR-OCT) to acquire micrometer-resolution images of the airway wall of intubated neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit setting and to analyze images for histopathology and airway wall thickness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LR-OCT of the neonatal laryngotracheal airway was performed a total of 94 times on 72 subjects (age, 1\u2013175 d; total intubation, 1\u2013104 d). LR-OCT images of the airway wall were analyzed in MATLAB. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively for extubation outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Backward stepwise regression analysis demonstrated a statistically significant association between log(duration of intubation) and both laryngeal (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001; multiple r2\u2009=\u20090.44) and subglottic (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001; multiple r2\u2009=\u20090.55) airway wall thickness. Subjects with positive histopathology on LR-OCT images had a higher likelihood of extubation failure (odds ratio, 5.9; P\u2009=\u20090.007). Longer intubation time was found to be significantly associated with extubation failure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LR-OCT allows for high-resolution evaluation and measurement of the airway wall in intubated neonates. Our data demonstrate a positive correlation between laryngeal and subglottic wall thickness and duration of intubation, suggestive of progressive soft tissue injury. LR-OCT may ultimately aid in the early diagnosis of postintubation subglottic injury and help reduce the incidences of failed extubation caused by subglottic edema or acquired subglottic stenosis in neonates.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00544427).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201501-0053oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]],"date-time":"2015-07-27T16:04:31Z","timestamp":1438013071000},"page":"1504-1513","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Long-Range Optical Coherence Tomography of the Neonatal Upper Airway for Early Diagnosis of Intubation-related Subglottic Injury"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Giriraj K.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery"},{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurpreet S.","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery"},{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Wiedmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Osann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew E.","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph C.","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueqiao","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Lazarow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidek","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cherry C.","family":"Uy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Dhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, CHOC Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Cleary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; and"},{"name":"Division of Neonatology, CHOC Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery"},{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Huoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery"},{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.-F.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery"},{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032100163260400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948709600126","article-title":"Pathogenesis of subglottic stenosis from endotracheal intubation","volume":"96","author":"Hawkins","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"2026032100163260400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80395-X","article-title":"Factors influencing acquired subgottic stenosis in infants","volume":"109","author":"Sherman","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026032100163260400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2009.03003.x","article-title":"Iatrogenic damage to the pediatric airway. 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