{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T12:56:05Z","timestamp":1792760165205,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 HL007752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 HL007752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a prevalent yet poorly characterized pulmonary complication of premature birth; the current definition is based solely on oxygen dependence at 36 weeks postmenstrual age without objective measurements of structural abnormalities across disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We hypothesize that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can spatially resolve and quantify the structural abnormalities of the neonatal lung parenchyma associated with premature birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a unique, small-footprint, 1.5-T MRI scanner within our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), diagnostic-quality MRIs using commercially available sequences (gradient echo and spin echo) were acquired during quiet breathing in six patients with BPD, six premature patients without diagnosed BPD, and six full-term NICU patients (gestational ages, 23\u201339 wk) at near term-equivalent age, without administration of sedation or intravenous contrast. Images were scored by a radiologist using a modified Ochiai score, and volumes of high- and low-signal intensity lung parenchyma were quantified by segmentation and threshold analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Signal increases, putatively combinations of fibrosis, edema, and atelectasis, were present in all premature infants. Infants with diagnosed BPD had significantly greater volume of high-signal lung (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD, 26.1\u2009\u00b1\u200913.8%) compared with full-term infants (7.3\u2009\u00b1\u20098.2%; P\u2009=\u20090.020) and premature infants without BPD (8.2\u2009\u00b1\u20096.4%; P\u2009=\u20090.026). Signal decreases, presumably alveolar simplification, only appeared in the most severe BPD cases, although cystic appearance did increase with severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pulmonary MRI reveals quantifiable, significant differences between patients with BPD, premature patients without BPD, and full-term control subjects. These methods could be implemented to individually phenotype disease, which may impact clinical care and predict future outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201503-0552oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,17]],"date-time":"2015-07-17T11:39:03Z","timestamp":1437133143000},"page":"1215-1222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Environment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Walkup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Radiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean A.","family":"Tkach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nara S.","family":"Higano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Radiology"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Thomen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Radiology"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean B.","family":"Fain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Merhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Fleck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raouf S.","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason C.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Radiology"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.07.013","article-title":"Cost of morbidities in very low birth weight infants","volume":"162","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e3283423e6b","article-title":"The new bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"23","author":"Jobe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2013.01.008","article-title":"An update on pharmacologic approaches to bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"37","author":"Ghanta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2013.01.010","article-title":"Long-term pulmonary outcomes of patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"37","author":"Bhandari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2013.10.006","article-title":"Respiratory outcomes for the tiniest or most immature infants","volume":"19","author":"Gibson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2959","article-title":"Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm infants from the NICHD Neonatal Research Network","volume":"126","author":"Stoll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib7","author":"Simpson"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2010.05.005","article-title":"What does imaging the chest tell us about bronchopulmonary dysplasia?","volume":"11","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.051383","article-title":"The radiology of chronic lung disease in children","volume":"90","author":"Rossi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1007\/s002470050203","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: correlation of radiographic and clinical findings","volume":"27","author":"Breysem","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.163.1.8010206","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: value of CT in identifying pulmonary sequelae","volume":"163","author":"Oppenheim","year":"1994","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib12","first-page":"581","article-title":"Clinical and roentgenographic scoring systems for assessing bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"138","author":"Toce","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.2.1760289","article-title":"Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT","volume":"176","author":"Brenner","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60815-0","article-title":"Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"380","author":"Pearce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22829","article-title":"Comparison of lung T2* during free-breathing at 1.5 T and 3.0 T with ultrashort echo time imaging","volume":"66","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/cmr.a.21297","article-title":"Lung Parenchymal signal intensity in MRI: a technical review with educational aspirations regarding reversible versus irreversible transverse relaxation effects in common pulse sequences","volume":"43a","author":"Mulkern","year":"2014","journal-title":"Concepts Magn Reson Part A Bridg Educ Res"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-012-2444-9","article-title":"An MRI system for imaging neonates in the NICU: initial feasibility study","volume":"42","author":"Tkach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W95","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.10613","article-title":"MRI in the neonatal ICU: initial experience using a small-footprint 1.5-T system","volume":"202","author":"Tkach","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-014-2909-0","article-title":"Characterization of acoustic noise in a neonatal intensive care unit MRI system","volume":"44","author":"Tkach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib20","first-page":"A5131","article-title":"MRI Characterization of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the NICU: preliminary results [abstract]","volume":"191","author":"Walkup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib21","author":"Walkup"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.05.043","article-title":"A new scoring system for computed tomography of the chest for assessing the clinical status of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"152","author":"Ochiai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2010.134","article-title":"Clinical implication of lung fluid balance in the perinatal period","volume":"31","author":"Katz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24570","article-title":"Optimized 3D ultrashort echo time pulmonary MRI","volume":"70","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib26","first-page":"34","article-title":"Ultrashort echo time MRI of pulmonary water content: assessment in a sponge phantom at 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla","volume":"20","author":"Molinari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol (Ank)"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-014-3250-3","article-title":"CT chest under general anesthesia: pulmonary, anesthetic and radiologic dilemmas","volume":"45","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.06.028","article-title":"Increased lung water and tissue damage in bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"145","author":"Adams","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2104116","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of lung water content and distribution in term and preterm infants","volume":"166","author":"Adams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3151","article-title":"Translational applications of hyperpolarized 3He and 129Xe","volume":"27","author":"Walkup","year":"2014","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201210-1850OC","article-title":"Catch-up alveolarization in ex-preterm children: evidence from (3)He magnetic resonance","volume":"187","author":"Narayanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201107-1348OC","article-title":"Alveolarization continues during childhood and adolescence: new evidence from helium-3 magnetic resonance","volume":"185","author":"Narayanan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100103839700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00127107","article-title":"Emphysema in young adult survivors of moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"32","author":"Wong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/192\/10\/1215\/67213927\/ajrccm_192_10_1215.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/192\/10\/1215\/67213927\/ajrccm_192_10_1215.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:10:47Z","timestamp":1774066247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/192\/10\/1215\/8504668"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201503-0552oc","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}}}