{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:54:41Z","timestamp":1793332481536,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institute, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHRI-EX98-9818PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-EX98-9818PI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institute, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHRI-EX99-9818PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-EX99-9818PI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institute, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHRI-EX100-9818PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-EX100-9818PI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institute, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHRI-EX101-9818PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-EX101-9818PI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is an important complication of mechanical ventilation in preterm infants, and no definite therapy can eliminate this complication. Pulmonary inflammation plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis, and glucocorticoid is one potential therapy to prevent BPD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the effect of intratracheal administration of surfactant\/budesonide with that of surfactant alone on the incidence of death or BPD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A clinical trial was conducted in three tertiary neonatal centers in the United States and Taiwan, in which 265 very-low-birth-weight infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome who required mechanical ventilation and inspired oxygen (fraction of inspired oxygen, \u226550%) within 4 hours of birth were randomly assigned to one of two groups (131 intervention and 134 control). The intervention infants received surfactant (100 mg\/kg) and budesonide (0.25 mg\/kg), and the control infants received surfactant only (100 mg\/kg), until each infant required inspired O2 at less than 30% or was extubated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intervention group had a significantly lower incidence of BPD or death (55 of 131 [42.0%] vs. 89 of 134 [66%]; risk ratio, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.44\u20130.77; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001; number needed to treat, 4.1; 95% confidence interval, 2.8\u20137.8). The intervention group required significantly fewer doses of surfactant than did the control group. The intervention group had significantly lower interleukin levels (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) in tracheal aspirates at 12 hours and lower IL-8 at 3\u20135 and 7\u20138 days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In very-low-birth-weight infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome, intratracheal administration of surfactant\/budesonide compared with surfactant alone significantly decreased the incidence of BPD or death without immediate adverse effect.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT-00883532).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201505-0861oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,9]],"date-time":"2015-09-09T15:29:36Z","timestamp":1441812576000},"page":"86-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":249,"title":["Intratracheal Administration of Budesonide\/Surfactant to Prevent Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Tsu F.","family":"Yeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal Child Health Research Center, College of Medicine, and"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung M.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal Child Health Research Center, College of Medicine, and"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shou Y.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahid","family":"Husan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsai C.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Health Science, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wu S.","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang H.","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital, and"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Asian University, Taichung, Taiwan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung C.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2011060","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"163","author":"Jobe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199906243402505","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight infants","volume":"340","author":"Tyson","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054065","article-title":"Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity","volume":"354","author":"Schmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.2.330","article-title":"Postnatal corticosteroids to treat or prevent chronic lung disease in preterm infants","volume":"109","author":"Committee on Fetus and Newborn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1534","article-title":"Policy statement\u2014postnatal corticosteroids to prevent or treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"126","author":"Watterberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib6","first-page":"CD002058","article-title":"Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in ventilated very low birth weight preterm neonates","volume":"5","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199904013401304","article-title":"Early inhaled glucocorticoid therapy to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"340","author":"Cole","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib8","first-page":"CD002057","article-title":"Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of chronic lung disease in ventilated very low birth weight preterm infants","volume":"5","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1310","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1973","article-title":"Early intratracheal instillation of budesonide using surfactant as a vehicle to prevent chronic lung disease in preterm infants: a pilot study","volume":"121","author":"Yeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib10","author":"Yeh"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib11","author":"Chen"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70248-7","article-title":"Imaging of medical disease of the newborn lung","volume":"37","author":"Newman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198109000-00009","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus: a scoring system with echocardiogram, acid\u2013base, and blood gas correlations","volume":"9","author":"Yeh","year":"1981","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.82.4.527","article-title":"Abnormal pulmonary outcomes in premature infants: prediction from oxygen requirement in the neonatal period","volume":"82","author":"Shennan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60664-2","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature babies (EUNO): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"376","author":"Mercier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2959","article-title":"Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm infants from the NICHD Neonatal Research Network","volume":"126","author":"Stoll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.11.040","article-title":"Effects of early inhaled nitric oxide therapy and vitamin A supplementation on the risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature newborns with respiratory failure","volume":"164","author":"Gadhia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0496(199703)23:3<193::AID-PPUL4>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Early postnatal dexamethasone therapy may lessen lung inflammation in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome on mechanical ventilation","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1988.tb14633.x","article-title":"Prediction of neurodevelopmental impairment at four years from brain ultrasound appearance of very preterm infants","volume":"30","author":"Costello","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.19.2357","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection","volume":"292","author":"Stoll","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib21","author":"Hintze","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.13","article-title":"Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models","volume":"73","author":"Liang","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib23","first-page":"110","article-title":"Introduction to Marangoni convection","author":"Adamson","year":"1982"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199804000-00018","article-title":"Surfactant versus saline as a vehicle for corticosteroid delivery to the lungs of ventilated rabbits","volume":"43","author":"Fajardo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200111000-00020","article-title":"Surfactant and corticosteroid effects on lung function in a rat model of acute lung injury","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22564","article-title":"Intratracheal budesonide supplementation in addition to surfactant improves pulmonary outcome in surfactant-depleted newborn piglets","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib27","author":"Patole"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib28","author":"Lin"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib29","author":"Bassler"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(99)00230-8","article-title":"Drug solubilization in lung surfactant","volume":"65","author":"Wiedmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib31","first-page":"623","article-title":"Reversible fatty acid conjugation of budesonide: novel mechanism for prolonged retention of topically applied steroid in airway tissue","volume":"26","author":"Miller-Larsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80547-5","article-title":"Early postnatal dexamethasone therapy in premature infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome: a double-blind, controlled study","volume":"117","author":"Yeh","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.10.049","article-title":"A follow-up study of preterm infants given budesonide using surfactant as a vehicle to prevent chronic lung disease in preterm infants","volume":"156","author":"Kuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200060050-00010","article-title":"Budesonide inhalation suspension: a review of its use in infants, children and adults with inflammatory respiratory disorders","volume":"60","author":"Hvizdos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0954-6111(94)90044-2","article-title":"Effects of long-term treatment with an inhaled corticosteroid on growth and pulmonary function in asthmatic children","volume":"88","author":"Agertoft","year":"1994","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026032100030106400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200010123431502","article-title":"Effect of long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide on adult height in children with asthma","volume":"343","author":"Agertoft","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/193\/1\/86\/67267263\/ajrccm_193_1_86.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/193\/1\/86\/67267263\/ajrccm_193_1_86.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:03:13Z","timestamp":1774065793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/193\/1\/86\/8508850"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201505-0861oc","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.725777013.793530838","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]}}}