{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T23:59:13Z","timestamp":1782777553689,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3641,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIEHS F32ES023352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIEHS F32ES023352"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30ES000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES000002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01-ES009825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01-ES009825"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NICHD K24 HD069408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NICHD K24 HD069408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37 HD034568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37 HD034568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIAID R01AI102960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIAID R01AI102960"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R832416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R832416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD834798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD834798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Few studies have examined associations between exposure to air pollution and childhood lung function after implementation of strict air quality regulations in the 1990s.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess traffic-related pollution exposure and childhood lung function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We geocoded addresses for 614 mother\u2013child pairs enrolled during pregnancy in the Boston area 1999\u20132002 and followed them until a mid-childhood visit (median age, 7.7). We calculated the proximity of the home to the nearest major roadway. We estimated first year of life, lifetime, and prior-year exposure to particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 \u03bcm (PM2.5) by a hybrid model using satellite-derived aerosol optical depth, and to black carbon (BC) by a land-use regression model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Residential proximity to roadway and prior-year and lifetime PM2.5 and BC exposure were all associated with lower FVC. Associations with FEV1 were also negative and proportionally similar. Pollution exposures were not associated with the FEV1\/FVC ratio or bronchodilator response. Compared with distances greater than or equal to 400 m, living less than 100 m from a major roadway was associated with lower FVC (\u221298.6 ml; \u2212176.3 to \u221221.0). Each 2 \u03bcg\/m3 increment in prior-year PM2.5 was associated with lower FVC (\u221221.8 ml; \u221243.9 to 0.2) and higher odds of FEV1 less than 80% predicted (1.41; 1.03\u20131.93). Each 0.2 \u03bcg\/m3 increment in prior-year BC was associated with a 38.9 ml (\u221270.4 to \u22127.3) lower FVC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estimates of long-term exposure to ambient pollution, including proximity to major roadway, PM2.5, and BC (a traffic-related PM2.5 constituent), were associated with lower lung function in this Boston-area cohort of children with relatively low pollution exposures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201506-1058oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,17]],"date-time":"2015-11-17T16:39:59Z","timestamp":1447778399000},"page":"881-888","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Lifetime Exposure to Ambient Pollution and Lung Function in Children"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"193","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2538-391X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary B.","family":"Rice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheryl L.","family":"Rifas-Shiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School\/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto A.","family":"Litonjua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Oken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School\/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Gillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School\/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itai","family":"Kloog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Luttmann-Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Zanobetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent A.","family":"Coull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petros","family":"Koutrakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T. H. 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