{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:49:35Z","timestamp":1793213375690,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) represent a reservoir of infection, many of whom will progress to tuberculosis (TB) disease. A central pillar of TB control in the United States is reducing this reservoir through targeted testing and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the prevalence of LTBI in the United States using the tuberculin skin test (TST) and an IFN-\u03b3 release assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used nationally representative data from the 2011\u20132012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n\u2009=\u20096,083 aged \u22656 yr). LTBI was measured by both the TST and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT-GIT). Weighted population, prevalence, and multiple logistic regression were used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimated prevalence of LTBI in 2011\u20132012 was 4.4% as measured by the TST and 4.8% by QFT-GIT, corresponding to 12,398,000 and 13,628,000 individuals, respectively. Prevalence declined slightly since 2000 among the U.S. born but remained constant among the foreign born. Earlier birth cohorts consistently had higher prevalence than more recent ones. Higher risk groups included the foreign born, close contact with a case of TB disease, and certain racial\/ethnic groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After years of decline, the prevalence of LTBI remained relatively constant between 2000 and 2011. A large reservoir of 12.4 million still exists, with foreign-born persons representing an increasingly larger proportion of this reservoir (73%). Estimates and risk factors for LTBI were generally similar between the TST and QFT-GIT. The updated estimates of LTBI and associated risk groups can help improve targeted testing and treatment in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201508-1683oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,11]],"date-time":"2016-02-11T11:23:30Z","timestamp":1455189810000},"page":"501-509","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["The Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"James D.","family":"Mancuso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Diffenderfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bijan J.","family":"Ghassemieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Horne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, and"},{"name":"Firland Northwest TB Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Cheg","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032023531376500_bib1","first-page":"265","article-title":"Tuberculosis trends\u2014United States, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Scott","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026032023531376500_bib2","author":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026032023531376500_bib3","volume-title":"Ending neglect: the elimination of tuberculosis in the United States","author":"Geiter","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026032023531376500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881100286X","article-title":"Modelling tuberculosis trends in the USA","volume":"140","author":"Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2026032023531376500_bib5","first-page":"4","article-title":"The epidemiological basis of tuberculosis control","volume":"53","author":"Ferebee","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull Natl Tuberc Assoc"},{"key":"2026032023531376500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201212-2239OC","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in foreign-born persons living in San Francisco","volume":"187","author":"Suwanpimolkul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023531376500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27405","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027405","article-title":"Estimating the burden of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons acquired prior to entering the U.S., 2005-2009","volume":"6","author":"Ricks","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032023531376500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1803.111107","article-title":"Using genotyping and geospatial scanning to estimate recent mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission, United States","volume":"18","author":"Moonan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026032023531376500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt246","article-title":"Estimated rate of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in the United States, overall and by population subgroup","volume":"179","author":"Shea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026032023531376500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201406-1159OC","article-title":"Risk of tuberculosis after recent exposure. 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