{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:29:15Z","timestamp":1790803755228,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has been implicated in the development of pulmonary fibrosis in experimental studies, and Gal-3 levels have been found to be elevated in small studies of human pulmonary fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We sought to study whether circulating Gal-3 concentrations are elevated early in the course of pulmonary fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined 2,596 Framingham Heart Study participants (mean age, 57 yr; 54% women; 14% current smokers) who underwent Gal-3 assessment using plasma samples and pulmonary function testing between 1995 and 1998. Of this sample, 1,148 underwent subsequent volumetric chest computed tomography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher Gal-3 concentrations were associated with lower lung volumes (1.4% decrease in percentage of predicted FEV1 per 1 SD increase in log Gal-3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8\u20132.0%; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001; 1.2% decrease in percentage of predicted FVC; 95% CI, 0.6\u20131.8%; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and decreased diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (2.1% decrease; 95% CI, 1.3\u20132.9%; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). These associations remained significant after multivariable adjustment (P\u2009\u2264\u20090.008 for all). Compared with the lowest quartile, participants in the highest Gal-3 quartile were more than twice as likely to have interstitial lung abnormalities visualized by computed tomography (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.49\u20134.76; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated Gal-3 concentrations are associated with interstitial lung abnormalities coupled with a restrictive pattern, including decreased lung volumes and altered gas exchange. These findings suggest a potential role for Gal-3 in early stages of pulmonary fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201509-1753oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]],"date-time":"2016-01-15T17:48:11Z","timestamp":1452880091000},"page":"77-83","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Galectin-3 Is Associated with Restrictive Lung Disease and Interstitial Lung Abnormalities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7987-4768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Framingham Heart Study, NHLBI, Framingham, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroto","family":"Hatabu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Functional Imaging"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne C.","family":"Latourelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, and"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mizuki","family":"Nishino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Functional Imaging"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9e","family":"Dupuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Framingham Heart Study, NHLBI, Framingham, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George R.","family":"Washko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Functional Imaging"},{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George T.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Framingham Heart Study, NHLBI, Framingham, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary M.","family":"Hunninghake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pulmonary Functional Imaging"},{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and 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