{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:50:51Z","timestamp":1793296251083,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The standard approach to diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) in the United Kingdom consists of assessing ciliary function by high-speed microscopy and ultrastructure by election microscopy, but equipment and expertise is not widely available internationally. The identification of biallelic disease-causing mutations is also diagnostic, but many disease-causing genes are unknown, and testing is not widely available outside the United States. Fluorescent antibodies to ciliary proteins are used to validate research genetic studies, but diagnostic utility in this disease has not been systematically evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine utility of a panel of six fluorescent labeled antibodies as a diagnostic tool for PCD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study used immunofluorescent labeling of nasal brushings from a discovery cohort of 35 patients diagnosed with PCD by ciliary ultrastructure, and a diagnostic accuracy cohort of 386 patients referred with symptoms suggestive of disease. The results were compared with diagnostic outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immunofluorescence correctly identified mislocalized or absent staining in 100% of the discovery cohort. In the diagnostic cohort immunofluorescence successfully identified 22 of 25 patients with PCD and normal staining in all 252 in whom PCD was considered highly unlikely. In addition, immunofluorescence provided a result in 55% (39) of cases that were previously inconclusive. Immunofluorescence results were available within 14 days, costing $187 per sample compared with electron microscopy (27 days; cost $1,452).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immunofluorescence is a highly specific diagnostic test for PCD, and it improves the speed and availability of diagnostic testing. However, sensitivity is limited and immunofluorescence is not suitable as a stand-alone test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201607-1351oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T15:00:02Z","timestamp":1487170802000},"page":"94-101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Accuracy of Immunofluorescence in the Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"196","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7360-6060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia","family":"Shoemark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mellisa","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Ollosson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Kilpin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitali","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet","family":"Scully","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew V.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Mitchison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Bush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032023430629800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304831","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of primary ciliary dyskinesia","volume":"99","author":"Lucas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2026032023430629800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.200","article-title":"Picking up speed: advances in the genetics of primary ciliary dyskinesia","volume":"75","author":"Horani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2026032023430629800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201301-0059CI","article-title":"Primary ciliary dyskinesia. 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