{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:37:14Z","timestamp":1790707034357,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The clinical significance of diaphragm weakness in critically ill patients is evident: it prolongs ventilator dependency and increases morbidity, duration of hospital stay, and health care costs. The mechanisms underlying diaphragm weakness are unknown, but might include mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We hypothesized that weakness of diaphragm muscle fibers in critically ill patients is accompanied by impaired mitochondrial function and structure, and by increased markers of oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To test these hypotheses, we studied contractile force, mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial structure in diaphragm muscle fibers. Fibers were isolated from diaphragm biopsies of 36 mechanically ventilated critically ill patients and compared with those isolated from biopsies of 27 patients with suspected early-stage lung malignancy (control subjects).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diaphragm muscle fibers from critically ill patients displayed significant atrophy and contractile weakness, but lacked impaired mitochondrial respiration and increased levels of oxidative stress markers. Mitochondrial energy status and morphology were not altered, despite a lower content of fusion proteins.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Critically ill patients have manifest diaphragm muscle fiber atrophy and weakness in the absence of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress do not play a causative role in the development of atrophy and contractile weakness of the diaphragm in critically ill patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201703-0501oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]],"date-time":"2017-08-08T15:12:22Z","timestamp":1502205142000},"page":"1544-1558","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Diaphragm Atrophy and Weakness in the Absence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Critically Ill"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"196","author":[{"given":"Marloes","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pleuni E.","family":"Hooijman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albertus","family":"Beishuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique C.","family":"de Waard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinus A.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koen J.","family":"Hartemink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute\u2013Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hieronymus W. H.","family":"van Hees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Lawlor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenza","family":"Brocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Bottinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine"},{"name":"Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Scientific Institute of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Biology and Sport Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Pellegrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Biology and Sport Medicine, and"},{"name":"Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ger J. M.","family":"Stienen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo M. A.","family":"Heunks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob C. I.","family":"W\u00fcst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences"},{"name":"Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coen A. C.","family":"Ottenheijm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00005","article-title":"Measurement of twitch transdiaphragmatic, esophageal, and endotracheal tube pressure with bilateral anterolateral magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation in patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"29","author":"Watson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R127","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9094","article-title":"Increased duration of mechanical ventilation is associated with decreased diaphragmatic force: a prospective observational study","volume":"14","author":"Hermans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201004-0670OC","article-title":"Rapidly progressive diaphragmatic weakness and injury during mechanical ventilation in humans","volume":"183","author":"Jaber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.5.9154859","article-title":"Ultrasound evaluation of the paralyzed diaphragm","volume":"155","author":"Gottesman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201503-0620OC","article-title":"Evolution of diaphragm thickness during mechanical ventilation: impact of inspiratory effort","volume":"192","author":"Goligher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201602-0367OC","article-title":"Coexistence and impact of limb muscle and diaphragm weakness at time of liberation from mechanical ventilation in medical intensive care unit patients","volume":"195","author":"Dres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.3.345","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a 28-day international study","volume":"287","author":"Esteban","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R120","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12792","article-title":"Diaphragm weakness in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients","volume":"17","author":"Supinski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1668OC","article-title":"Diaphragm dysfunction on admission to the intensive care unit: prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic impact\u2014a prospective study","volume":"188","author":"Demoule","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201312-2260LE","article-title":"Diaphragm fiber strength is reduced in critically ill patients and restored by a troponin activator","volume":"189","author":"Hooijman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201412-2214OC","article-title":"Diaphragm muscle fiber weakness and ubiquitin\u2013proteasome activation in critically ill patients","volume":"191","author":"Hooijman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070447","article-title":"Rapid disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans","volume":"358","author":"Levine","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201002-0234OC","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation\u2013induced diaphragm disuse in humans triggers autophagy","volume":"182","author":"Hussain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-0982OC","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid accumulation in the human diaphragm during mechanical ventilation","volume":"186","author":"Picard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1608","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00044.2008","article-title":"Redox regulation of diaphragm proteolysis during mechanical ventilation","volume":"294","author":"McClung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.002","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation induces diaphragmatic mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidant production","volume":"46","author":"Kavazis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib17","first-page":"1376","article-title":"Oxidative stress is required for mechanical ventilation\u2013induced protease activation in the diaphragm","volume":"2010","author":"Whidden","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182190b62","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants protect against mechanical ventilation\u2013induced diaphragm weakness","volume":"39","author":"Powers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-110410-132529","article-title":"Fusion and fission: interlinked processes critical for mitochondrial health","volume":"46","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.026","article-title":"Mitochondrial fusion is required for mtDNA stability in skeletal muscle and tolerance of mtDNA mutations","volume":"141","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.255","article-title":"Mitochondrial \u201ckiss-and-run\u201d: interplay between mitochondrial motility and fusion\u2013fission dynamics","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26185","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M503062200","article-title":"Disruption of fusion results in mitochondrial heterogeneity and dysfunction","volume":"280","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.05603-11","article-title":"Mitochondrial fission contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle","volume":"32","author":"Jheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib24","first-page":"1161","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation triggers abnormal mitochondrial dynamics and morphology in the diaphragm","volume":"2015","author":"Picard","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92810","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092810","article-title":"Impaired mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics in diabetic skeletal muscle","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib26","first-page":"PA850","article-title":"Late-breaking abstract: disturbed mitochondrial dynamics and network in diaphragm muscle fibers of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients [abstract]","volume":"46","author":"van den Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.286153","article-title":"Rapid changes in NADH and flavin autofluorescence in rat cardiac trabeculae reveal large mitochondrial complex II reserve capacity","volume":"593","author":"W\u00fcst","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H402","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00653.2011","article-title":"Regional skeletal muscle remodeling and mitochondrial dysfunction in right ventricular heart failure","volume":"302","author":"W\u00fcst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvw176","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex I dysfunction and altered NAD(P)H kinetics in rat myocardium in cardiac right ventricular hypertrophy and failure","volume":"111","author":"W\u00fcst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4575","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.275545","article-title":"PGC1-\u03b1 over-expression prevents metabolic alterations and soleus muscle atrophy in hindlimb unloaded mice","volume":"592","author":"Cannavino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0798-8","article-title":"Levosimendan affects oxidative and inflammatory pathways in the diaphragm of ventilated endotoxemic mice","volume":"19","author":"Schellekens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L127","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00073.2005","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced skeletal muscle fiber dysfunction: role for reactive nitrogen species","volume":"290","author":"Ottenheijm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L16","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00412.2003","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced dysfunction of rat diaphragm: role of peroxynitrite","volume":"288","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2009.050245","article-title":"Is oxidative stress a cause or consequence of disuse muscle atrophy in mice? A proteomic approach in hindlimb-unloaded mice","volume":"95","author":"Brocca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.286740","article-title":"The role of alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and PGC-1\u03b1 over-expression in fast muscle atrophy following hindlimb unloading","volume":"593","author":"Cannavino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.11.068","article-title":"High-fat diet feeding impairs both the expression and activity of AMPKa in rats\u2019 skeletal muscle","volume":"339","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E471","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00316.2005","article-title":"Increased malonyl-CoA and diacylglycerol content and reduced AMPK activity accompany insulin resistance induced by glucose infusion in muscle and liver of rats","volume":"290","author":"Kraegen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1141-0","article-title":"The course of diaphragm atrophy in ventilated patients assessed with ultrasound: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Schepens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1044","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00218.2006","article-title":"Derangements in mitochondrial metabolism in intercostal and leg muscle of critically ill patients with sepsis-induced multiple organ failure","volume":"291","author":"Fredriksson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2012.05.026","article-title":"[Inflammation and oxidative stress in respiratory and limb muscles of patients with severe sepsis] [article in Spanish]","volume":"141","author":"Pascual-Guardia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.02.019","article-title":"Hypoxic activation of AMPK is dependent on mitochondrial ROS but independent of an increase in AMP\/ATP ratio","volume":"46","author":"Emerling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22272","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase enhances the expression of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases despite its activation of IGF-1\/Akt signaling in C2C12 myotubes","volume":"108","author":"Tong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i96","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer351","article-title":"Management of the heartbeating brain-dead organ donor","volume":"108","author":"McKeown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026032023503556400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2004.06.017","article-title":"Physiologic changes during brain stem death: lessons for management of the organ donor","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R28","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13719","article-title":"Hypercapnia attenuates ventilator-induced diaphragm atrophy and modulates dysfunction","volume":"18","author":"Schellekens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.04.084","article-title":"Hyperoxia-mediated oxidative stress increases expression of UCP3 mRNA and protein in skeletal muscle","volume":"579","author":"Flandin","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15229","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2433468100","article-title":"Concerted regulation of skeletal muscle contractility by oxygen tension and endogenous nitric oxide","volume":"100","author":"Eu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.5.1012","article-title":"Practice parameters for determining brain death in adults (summary statement)","volume":"45","author":"Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib49","first-page":"2585","article-title":"Altered diaphragm contractile properties with controlled mechanical ventilation","volume":"2002","author":"Sassoon","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e152","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a63fdf","article-title":"Effect of intermittent phrenic nerve stimulation during cardiothoracic surgery on mitochondrial respiration in the human diaphragm","volume":"42","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-1060-0","article-title":"Intraoperative hemidiaphragm electrical stimulation reduces oxidative stress and upregulates autophagy in surgery patients undergoing mechanical ventilation: exploratory study","volume":"14","author":"Mankowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2007.01212.x","article-title":"High levels of oxidative stress in patients with advanced lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Esme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2012.02.001","article-title":"Cigarette smoke\u2013induced oxidative stress in skeletal muscles of mice","volume":"182","author":"Barreiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2012.03.010","article-title":"Oxidative stress in surgery in an ageing population: pathophysiology and therapy","volume":"48","author":"Rosenfeldt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"2026032023503556400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200502-262OC","article-title":"Diaphragm dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"172","author":"Ottenheijm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/196\/12\/1544\/67139989\/ajrccm_196_12_1544.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/196\/12\/1544\/67139989\/ajrccm_196_12_1544.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T03:51:09Z","timestamp":1774065069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/196\/12\/1544\/8499955"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201703-0501oc","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}}}