{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T15:46:10Z","timestamp":1789314370220,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The etiology of sarcoidosis is unknown, but microbial agents are suspected as triggers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We sought to identify bacterial, fungal, or viral lineages in specimens from patients with sarcoidosis enriched relative to control subjects using metagenomic DNA sequencing. Because DNA from environmental contamination contributes disproportionately to samples with low authentic microbial content, we developed improved methods for filtering environmental contamination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed specimens from subjects with sarcoidosis (n\u2009=\u200993), control subjects without sarcoidosis (n\u2009=\u200972), and various environmental controls (n\u2009=\u2009150). Sarcoidosis specimens consisted of two independent sets of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lymph node biopsies, BAL, Kveim reagent, and fresh granulomatous spleen from a patient with sarcoidosis. All specimens were analyzed by bacterial 16S and fungal internal transcribed spacer ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. In addition, BAL was analyzed by shotgun sequencing of fractions enriched for viral particles, and Kveim and spleen were subjected to whole-genome shotgun sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In one tissue set, fungi in the Cladosporiaceae family were enriched in sarcoidosis compared with nonsarcoidosis tissues; in the other tissue set, we detected enrichment of several bacterial lineages in sarcoidosis but not Cladosporiaceae. BAL showed limited enrichment of Aspergillus fungi. Several microbial lineages were detected in Kveim and spleen, including Cladosporium. No microbial lineage was enriched in more than one sample type after correction for multiple comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metagenomic sequencing revealed enrichment of microbes in single types of sarcoidosis samples but limited concordance across sample types. Statistical analysis accounting for environmental contamination was essential to avoiding false positives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201705-0891oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,28]],"date-time":"2017-08-28T15:44:25Z","timestamp":1503935065000},"page":"225-234","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Microbial Lineages in Sarcoidosis. A Metagenomic Analysis Tailored for Low\u2013Microbial Content Samples"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"197","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2031-8791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik L.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail P.","family":"Lauder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey E.","family":"Hofstaedter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayannah S.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ize","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Biernat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology and Neuropathology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"R\u0119kawiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Majewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology and Neuropathology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Dubaniewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie A.","family":"Litzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Bittinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children\u2019s Hospital of 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