{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:06:45Z","timestamp":1790777205464,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposures to geohelminths during gestation or early childhood may reduce risk of wheezing illness\/asthma and atopy during childhood in tropical regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effect of maternal and early childhood geohelminths on development of wheeze\/asthma and atopy during the first 5 years of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cohort of 2,404 neonates was followed to 5 years of age in a rural district in coastal Ecuador. Data on wheeze were collected by questionnaire and atopy was measured by allergen skin prick test reactivity to 10 allergens at 5 years. Stool samples from mothers and children were examined for geohelminths by microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 2,090 (86.9%) children were evaluated at 5 years. Geohelminths were observed in 45.5% of mothers and in 34.1% of children by 3 years. Wheeze and asthma were reported for 12.6% and 5.7% of children, respectively, whereas 14.0% had skin test reactivity at 5 years. Maternal geohelminths were associated with an increased risk of wheeze (adjusted odds ratio, 1.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.06\u20131.88), whereas childhood geohelminths over the first 3 years of life were associated with reduced risk of wheeze (adjusted odds ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.52\u20130.96) and asthma (adjusted odds ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.38\u20130.94) but not skin prick test reactivity. The effects on wheeze\/asthma were greatest with later age of first infection, were observed only in skin test\u2013negative children, but were not associated with parasite burden or specific geohelminths.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although maternal exposures to geohelminths may increase childhood wheeze, childhood geohelminths during the first 3 years may provide protection through a nonallergic mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Registered as an observational study (ISRCTN41239086).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201706-1222oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]],"date-time":"2017-09-28T18:25:30Z","timestamp":1506623130000},"page":"364-372","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Effect of Early-Life Geohelminth Infections on the Development of Wheezing at 5 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