{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T06:23:01Z","timestamp":1774074181589,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify infected contacts of tuberculosis (TB) cases, the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommended the addition of IFN-\u03b3 release assays (IGRA) to the tuberculin skin test (TST) in its 2006 TB guidelines. Treatment for TB infection was no longer recommended for children who screened TST-positive but IGRA-negative.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a cohort study to evaluate the risk of TB disease in this group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children exposed to an infectious case of TB in their household were recruited from 11 pediatric TB clinics. TST and IGRA were performed at baseline, with IGRA repeated at 8 weeks and TST repeated if initially negative. Children were treated according to 2006 NICE guidelines and followed for 24 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 431 recruited children, 392 completed the study. We diagnosed 48 (12.2%) cases of prevalent TB disease, 105 (26.8%) with TB infection, and 239 (60.9%) without TB infection or disease. Eighteen children aged 2 years and above had a positive TST but persistently negative IGRA. None received TB infection treatment and none developed TB disease. Ninety (26.1%) children qualified for TB infection treatment according to 2006 NICE guidelines. In contrast, 147 (42.7%) children would have qualified under revised NICE guidance, issued in 2016.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this low-prevalence setting we saw no incident cases of TB disease in children who were TST-positive but IGRA-negative and did not receive treatment for TB infection. Following the latest NICE guidance, significantly more children will require medication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201707-1487oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]],"date-time":"2017-11-30T17:27:04Z","timestamp":1512062824000},"page":"1058-1064","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evaluating UK National Guidance for Screening of Children for Tuberculosis. A Prospective Multicenter Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"197","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6546-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate","family":"Kampmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of International Child Health, Department of Academic Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, Gambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Seddon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of International Child Health, Department of Academic Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Paton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United 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