{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:29:23Z","timestamp":1790630963654,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nearly 60% of U.S. children live in counties with particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 \u03bcm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) concentrations above air quality standards. Understanding the relationship between ambient air pollution exposure and health outcomes informs actions to reduce exposure and disease risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the association between ambient PM2.5 levels and healthcare encounters for acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using an observational case-crossover design, subjects (n\u2009=\u2009146,397) were studied if they had an ALRI diagnosis and resided on Utah\u2019s Wasatch Front. PM2.5 air pollution concentrations were measured using community-based air quality monitors between 1999 and 2016. Odds ratios for ALRI healthcare encounters were calculated after stratification by ages 0\u20132, 3\u201317, and 18 or more years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Approximately 77% (n\u2009=\u2009112,467) of subjects were 0\u20132 years of age. The odds of ALRI encounter for these young children increased within 1 week of elevated PM2.5 and peaked after 3 weeks with a cumulative 28-day odds ratio of 1.15 per +10 \u03bcg\/m3 (95% confidence interval, 1.12\u20131.19). ALRI encounters with diagnosed and laboratory-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus and influenza increased following elevated ambient PM2.5 levels. Similar elevated odds for ALRI were also observed for older children, although the number of events and precision of estimates were much lower.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this large sample of urban\/suburban patients, short-term exposure to elevated PM2.5 air pollution was associated with greater healthcare use for ALRI in young children, older children, and adults. Further exploration is needed of causal interactions between PM2.5 and ALRI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201709-1883oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,13]],"date-time":"2018-04-13T09:26:52Z","timestamp":1523611612000},"page":"759-766","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":344,"title":["Short-Term Elevation of Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Acute Lower Respiratory Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2656-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Horne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Joy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Health & Food and Nutrition"},{"name":"Department of Family and Preventive Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle G.","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Children\u2019s Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah; and"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per H.","family":"Gesteland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics"},{"name":"Primary Children\u2019s Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah; and"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob S.","family":"Lefler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denitza P.","family":"Blagev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Kent","family":"Korgenski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Children\u2019s Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Torosyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant I.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Intelligence, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kartchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health, and"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"C. Arden","family":"Pope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.5.535","article-title":"Burden of disease: implications for future research","volume":"285","author":"Michaud","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200106213442507","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus","volume":"344","author":"Hall","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043951","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high-risk adults","volume":"352","author":"Falsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.60.03.018","article-title":"Do pollution and climate influence respiratory tract infections in children?","volume":"60","author":"Passos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-105","article-title":"Modeling the variations in pediatric respiratory syncytial virus seasonal epidemics","volume":"11","author":"Leecaster","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/151.3_Pt_1.669","article-title":"Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults","volume":"151","author":"Pope","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200503-443OC","article-title":"Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality: extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study","volume":"173","author":"Laden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-8-2","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution associated with prevalence of asthma and COPD\/chronic bronchitis. A cross-sectional study in Southern Sweden","volume":"8","author":"Lindgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11822","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111111822","article-title":"The global contribution of outdoor air pollution to the incidence, prevalence, mortality and hospital admission for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.3444","article-title":"Association of changes in air quality with bronchitic symptoms in children in California, 1993-2012","volume":"315","author":"Berhane","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.3488","article-title":"Association between changes in air pollution levels during the Beijing Olympics and biomarkers of inflammation and thrombosis in healthy young adults","volume":"307","author":"Rich","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002506","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002506","article-title":"Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution is preferentially associated with the risk of ST-segment elevation acute coronary events","volume":"4","author":"Pope","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.06.044","article-title":"Relation of heart failure hospitalization to exposure to fine particulate air pollution","volume":"102","author":"Pope","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132","article-title":"Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution","volume":"287","author":"Pope","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.3.9804143","article-title":"A study of twelve Southern California communities with differing levels and types of air pollution. I. Prevalence of respiratory morbidity","volume":"159","author":"Peters","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.11.006","article-title":"Infant exposure to fine particulate matter and traffic and risk of hospitalization for RSV bronchiolitis in a region with lower ambient air pollution","volume":"109","author":"Karr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8313","article-title":"A case-crossover study of wintertime ambient air pollution and infant bronchiolitis","volume":"114","author":"Karr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu234","article-title":"Air pollution and acute respiratory infections among children 0-4 years of age: an 18-year time-series study","volume":"180","author":"Darrow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13060578","article-title":"A preliminary assessment of the role of ambient nitric oxide exposure in hospitalization with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis","volume":"13","author":"Mohammed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.05.003","article-title":"Winter air pollution and infant bronchiolitis in Paris","volume":"106","author":"S\u00e9gala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2010.00620.x","article-title":"Including viral infection data supports an association between particulate pollution and respiratory admissions","volume":"35","author":"Fukuda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-39-1","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants and correlation with meteorological factors and air pollutants","volume":"39","author":"Vandini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib23","author":"US Environmental Protection Agency"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib24","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1889","article-title":"Overlap bias in the case-crossover design, with application to air pollution exposures","volume":"24","author":"Janes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181315.18836.9d","article-title":"Case-crossover analyses of air pollution exposure data: referent selection strategies and their implications for bias","volume":"16","author":"Janes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib27","first-page":"667","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus","volume-title":"Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 30th ed","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib28","first-page":"909","article-title":"Outbreaks of human metapneumovirus in two skilled nursing facilities\u2014West Virginia and Idaho, 2011-2012","volume":"62","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70069-6","article-title":"Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Lessler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.79.5.623","article-title":"Respiratory disease associated with community air pollution and a steel mill, Utah Valley","volume":"79","author":"Pope","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.5.1123","article-title":"Acute health effects of PM10 pollution on symptomatic and asymptomatic children","volume":"145","author":"Pope","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/009841099157539","article-title":"Exposure to urban air particulates alters the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response to respiratory viral infection","volume":"57","author":"Becker","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000108927.80044.7F","article-title":"Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease","volume":"109","author":"Pope","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-017-0535-3","article-title":"Mortality risk and PM2.5 air pollution in the USA: an analysis of a national prospective cohort","volume":"11","author":"Pope","year":"2018","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib35","first-page":"270508","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome in the Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study","volume-title":"Cardiol Res Pract","author":"Knight","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026032023244595700_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.1279","article-title":"Fine particulate matter pollution linked to respiratory illness in infants and increased hospital costs","volume":"30","author":"Sheffield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/198\/6\/759\/67118930\/ajrccm_198_6_759.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/198\/6\/759\/67118930\/ajrccm_198_6_759.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T03:24:59Z","timestamp":1774063499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/198\/6\/759\/8498260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201709-1883oc","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}}}