{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:47:52Z","timestamp":1792205272721,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are limited data on factors in young adulthood that predict future lung disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the relationship between respiratory symptoms, loss of lung health, and incident respiratory disease in a population-based study of young adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined prospective data from 2,749 participants in the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study who completed respiratory symptom questionnaires at baseline and 2 years later and repeated spirometry measurements over 30 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cough or phlegm, episodes of bronchitis, wheeze, shortness of breath, and chest illnesses at both baseline and Year 2 were the main predictor variables in models assessing decline in FEV1 and FVC from Year 5 to Year 30, incident obstructive and restrictive lung physiology, and visual emphysema on thoracic computed tomography scan. After adjustment for covariates, including body mass index, asthma, and smoking, report of any symptom was associated with \u22122.71 ml\/yr excess decline in FEV1 (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and \u22122.18 in FVC (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) as well as greater odds of incident (prebronchodilator) obstructive (odds ratio [OR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24\u20132.14) and restrictive (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.09\u20131.80) physiology. Cough-related symptoms (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.13\u20132.16) were associated with greater odds of future emphysema.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persistent respiratory symptoms in young adults are associated with accelerated decline in lung function, incident obstructive and restrictive physiology, and greater odds of future radiographic emphysema.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201710-2108oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,25]],"date-time":"2018-01-25T16:49:04Z","timestamp":1516898944000},"page":"1616-1624","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Respiratory Symptoms in Young Adults and Future Lung Disease. The CARDIA Lung Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"197","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2443-0876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravi","family":"Kalhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark T.","family":"Dransfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura A.","family":"Colangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael 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and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rola","family":"Harmouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Chest Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Onieva","family":"Onieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Chest Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Y.","family":"Ash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Chest Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, and"},{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Okajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Chest Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Iribarren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama\u2013Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Sidney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama\u2013Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cora E.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Mannino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, 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