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Mucosal Staphylococcus aureus colonization is found in the majority of patients with nasal polyps. S. aureus is known to induce type 2 cytokine release via enterotoxins.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the impact of non\u2013enterotoxin-producing S. aureus on type 2 cytokine release.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin), IL-33, and type 2 cytokines were assessed in a human mucosal tissue model upon S. aureus infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>S. aureus exposure increased the expression of IL-33, TSLP, IL-5, and IL-13 in nasal polyp tissue, accompanied by elevated expression levels of TSLP and IL-33 receptors, predominantly on CD3+ T cells. S. aureus infection led to the release of TSLP, but not IL-33, IL-5, or IL-13, from healthy inferior turbinate tissue. In contrast, S. epidermidis did not induce any epithelial cell\u2013derived cytokines in nasal polyp or healthy tissue. S. aureus infection also increased the release of IL-33 and TSLP in BEAS-2B epithelial cells, accompanied by activation of NF-\u03baB (nuclear factor \u03baB) pathways. Incubation with CU-CPT22, a specific Toll-like receptor 2 antagonist, significantly reduced the S. aureus\u2013induced release of TSLP and IL-33, and the activity of the NF-\u03baB signal in BEAS-2B cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates for the first time that S. aureus can directly induce epithelial cell\u2013derived cytokine release via binding to Toll-like receptor 2, and may thereby propagate type 2 cytokine expression in nasal polyp tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201710-2112oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,16]],"date-time":"2018-05-16T13:07:00Z","timestamp":1526476020000},"page":"452-463","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["<i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    Induces a Mucosal Type 2 Immune Response via Epithelial 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