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During 9 years of follow-up, 19,823 first hospitalization episodes or deaths from major respiratory diseases, including 10,553 chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD), 4,398 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 7,324 acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), were recorded. Cox regression yielded adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for disease risks associated with self-reported primary cooking fuel use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 91% of participants reported regular cooking, with 52% using solid fuels. Compared with clean fuel users, solid fuel users had an adjusted HR of 1.36 (95% confidence interval, 1.32\u20131.40) for major respiratory diseases, whereas those who switched from solid to clean fuels had a weaker HR (1.14, 1.10\u20131.17). The HRs were higher in wood (1.37, 1.33\u20131.41) than coal users (1.22, 1.15\u20131.29) and in those with prolonged use (\u226540 yr, 1.54, 1.48\u20131.60; &amp;lt;20 yr, 1.32, 1.26\u20131.39), but lower among those who used ventilated than nonventilated cookstoves (1.22, 1.19\u20131.25 vs. 1.29, 1.24\u20131.35). For CLRD, COPD, and ALRI, the HRs associated with solid fuel use were 1.47 (1.41\u20131.52), 1.10 (1.03\u20131.18), and 1.16 (1.09\u20131.23), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among Chinese adults, solid fuel use for cooking was associated with higher risks of major respiratory disease admissions and death, and switching to clean fuels or use of ventilated cookstoves had lower risk than not switching.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201803-0432oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T03:03:47Z","timestamp":1537499027000},"page":"352-361","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Solid Fuel Use and Risks of Respiratory Diseases. A Cohort Study of 280,000 Chinese Never-Smokers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"199","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7430-589X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ka Hung","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9518-4716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Om P.","family":"Kurmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9170-8447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derrick A.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunlong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xunfu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pengzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Pengzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pengzhou People\u2019s Hospital, Pengzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haidong","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Peto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1228-3362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kin Bong Hubert","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6423-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030321243991400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32345-0","article-title":"The Lancet Commission on pollution and health","volume":"391","author":"Landrigan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026030321243991400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1787\/weo-2016-en","volume-title":"World energy outlook 2016","author":"International Energy Agency","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026030321243991400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2114","article-title":"Risk of COPD from exposure to biomass smoke: a metaanalysis","volume":"138","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026030321243991400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.147884","article-title":"Respiratory disease associated with solid biomass fuel exposure in rural women and children: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Po","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026030321243991400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182356","article-title":"Millions dead: how do we know and what does it mean? 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