{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:54:01Z","timestamp":1790247241947,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL103836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL103836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL125723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL125723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK097307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK097307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL110969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL110969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL140026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL140026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL51856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL51856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to air pollution has molecular and physiologic effects on the lung that may increase the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the association of short- and long-term air pollutant exposures and ARDS risk after severe trauma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from a prospective cohort of 996 critically ill patients presenting with acute trauma and an injury severity score greater than 15. Exposures to ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter less than 2.5 \u03bcm were assessed by weighted averages of daily levels from all monitors within 50 km of the geocoded location of a patient\u2019s residence. Patients were followed for 6 days for the development of ARDS according to Berlin Criteria. The association between each exposure and ARDS was determined via multivariable logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ARDS developed in 243 (24%) patients. None of the short-term exposures averaged over the 3 days before presentation was associated with ARDS, except sulfur dioxide, which demonstrated a nonlinear association. Nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 \u03bcm in aerodynamic diameter exposure over the 6 weeks before presentation was significantly associated with ARDS (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). All long-term exposures (3 yr) were associated with ARDS (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01) in adjusted models, despite exposure levels largely below U.S. and European Union air quality standards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-term low- to moderate-level air pollutant exposure is associated with a greater risk of developing ARDS after severe trauma and represents a novel and potentially modifiable environmental risk factor for ARDS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201803-0435oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T12:12:11Z","timestamp":1533125531000},"page":"62-70","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Low to Moderate Air Pollutant Exposure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Severe Trauma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"199","author":[{"given":"John P.","family":"Reilly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care"},{"name":"Center for Translational Lung Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G. S.","family":"Shashaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care"},{"name":"Center for Translational Lung Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuki","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason D.","family":"Christie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care"},{"name":"Center for Translational Lung Biology, and"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Associate Editor, AJRCCM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul N.","family":"Lanken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Balmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Editor, AJRCCM"},{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California; and"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Matthay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn S.","family":"Calfee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorraine B.","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, and"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.23.3003","article-title":"Long-term air pollution exposure and acceleration of atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation in an animal model","volume":"294","author":"Sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71414","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071414","article-title":"Inflammatory response to fine particulate air pollution exposure: neutrophil versus monocyte","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702747","article-title":"Air pollution and mortality in the Medicare population","volume":"376","author":"Di","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803894","article-title":"Long-term ozone exposure and mortality","volume":"360","author":"Jerrett","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0805646","article-title":"Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States","volume":"360","author":"Pope","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.12.007","article-title":"Annual average ambient particulate matter exposure estimates, measured home particulate matter, and hair nicotine are associated with respiratory outcomes in adults with asthma","volume":"129","author":"Balmes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2014.932753","article-title":"Short- and long-term effects of ambient ozone and fine particulate matter on the respiratory health of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects","volume":"70","author":"Kariisa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.07.034","article-title":"Exposure to ambient particulate matter is associated with accelerated functional decline in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"153","author":"Winterbottom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60331","article-title":"The acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"122","author":"Matthay","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0291","article-title":"Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries","volume":"315","author":"Bellani","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050333","article-title":"Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury","volume":"353","author":"Rubenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182544f6a","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome after trauma: development and validation of a predictive model","volume":"40","author":"Watkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318180dc74","article-title":"The impact of development of acute lung injury on hospital mortality in critically ill trauma patients","volume":"36","author":"Shah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201011-1802OC","article-title":"Active and passive cigarette smoking and acute lung injury after severe blunt trauma","volume":"183","author":"Calfee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000055389.64497.11","article-title":"Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with an increased incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome and severity of multiple organ dysfunction in patients with septic shock","volume":"31","author":"Moss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201507-1418OC","article-title":"Long-term ozone exposure increases the risk of developing the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"193","author":"Ware","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib17","first-page":"A6193","article-title":"Air pollutant exposure is an independent risk factor for acute respiratory distress syndrome after severe trauma [abstract]","volume":"197","author":"Reilly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201308-280OC","article-title":"Heterogeneous phenotypes of acute respiratory distress syndrome after major trauma","volume":"11","author":"Reilly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1962","article-title":"ABO blood type A is associated with increased risk of ARDS in whites following both major trauma and severe sepsis","volume":"145","author":"Reilly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.12201214","article-title":"The ABO Histo-Blood Group and AKI in critically ill patients with trauma or sepsis","volume":"10","author":"Reilly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000306","article-title":"Computed tomography-defined abdominal adiposity is associated with acute kidney injury in critically ill trauma patients","volume":"42","author":"Shashaty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197403000-00001","article-title":"The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care","volume":"14","author":"Baker","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib23","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition","volume":"307","author":"Ranieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0617","article-title":"Comparison of the SpO2\/FIO2 ratio and the PaO2\/FIO2 ratio in patients with acute lung injury or ARDS","volume":"132","author":"Rice","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-2697","article-title":"An alternative method of acute lung injury classification for use in observational studies","volume":"138","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib26","volume-title":"Statistical analysis with missing data.","author":"Little","year":"1987"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","article-title":"Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice","volume":"30","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19425-7","article-title":"Regression modeling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic and ordinal regression, and survival analysis","author":"Harrell","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.02.014","article-title":"Association between chronic exposure to air pollution and mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"224","author":"Rush","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201410-1875OC","article-title":"Long-term exposure to traffic emissions and fine particulate matter and lung function decline in the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"191","author":"Rice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa073625","article-title":"Reduced exposure to PM10 and attenuated age-related decline in lung function","volume":"357","author":"Downs","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309279","article-title":"Exposure to fine particulate air pollution is associated with endothelial injury and systemic inflammation","volume":"119","author":"Pope","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102303","article-title":"Associations between three specific a-cellular measures of the oxidative potential of particulate matter and markers of acute airway and nasal inflammation in healthy volunteers","volume":"72","author":"Janssen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(90)90035-H","article-title":"Biochemical basis of ozone toxicity","volume":"9","author":"Mustafa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200309-1325PP","article-title":"An investigation of inhaled ozone dose and the magnitude of airway inflammation in healthy adults","volume":"169","author":"Mudway","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60617-6","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution and asthma","volume":"383","author":"Guarnieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2010.539290","article-title":"A review of controlled human SO2 exposure studies contributing to the US EPA integrated science assessment for sulfur oxides","volume":"23","author":"Johns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379200800505","article-title":"Does nitrogen dioxide exposure increase airways responsiveness?","volume":"8","author":"Folinsbee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11813","article-title":"Acute effects of air pollution on pulmonary function, airway inflammation, and oxidative stress in asthmatic children","volume":"117","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2002.1374","article-title":"Ambient level of NO2 augments the inflammatory response to inhaled allergen in asthmatics","volume":"96","author":"Barck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib41","first-page":"L688","article-title":"Carbon monoxide provides protection against hyperoxic lung injury","volume":"276","author":"Otterbein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3228","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide","volume":"9","author":"Motterlini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib43","article-title":"NAAQS table","author":"National Ambient Air Quality Standards \u2014 criteria air pollutants"},{"key":"2026030321232042200_bib44","author":"European Commission Air Quality Standards"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/199\/1\/62\/67113654\/ajrccm_199_1_62.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/199\/1\/62\/67113654\/ajrccm_199_1_62.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T02:23:35Z","timestamp":1772591015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/199\/1\/62\/8496706"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201803-0435oc","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]}}}