{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:19:22Z","timestamp":1791145162838,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104931\/Z\/14\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104931\/Z\/14\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"BBSRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/L015129\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/L015129\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human rhinovirus (HRV) is a common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Secondary bacterial infection is associated with more severe symptoms and delayed recovery. Alveolar macrophages clear bacteria from the lung and maintain lung homeostasis through cytokine secretion. These processes are defective in COPD. The effect of HRV on macrophage function is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effect of HRV on phagocytosis and cytokine response to bacteria by alveolar macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in COPD and healthy control subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alveolar macrophages were obtained by bronchoscopy and MDM by adherence. Macrophages were exposed to HRV16 (multiplicity of infection 5), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) 30 \u03bcg\/ml, IFN-\u03b2 10 \u03bcg\/ml, IFN-\u03b3 10 \u03bcg\/ml, or medium control for 24 hours. Phagocytosis of fluorescently labeled Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae was assessed by fluorimetry. CXCL8 (IL-8), IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 (tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1), and IL-10 release was measured by ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HRV significantly impaired phagocytosis of H. influenzae by 23% in MDM (n\u2009=\u200937; P\u2009=\u20090.004) and 18% in alveolar macrophages (n\u2009=\u200920; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001) in COPD. HRV also significantly reduced phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae by 33% in COPD MDM (n\u2009=\u200920; P\u2009=\u20090.0192). There was no effect in healthy control subjects. Phagocytosis of H. influenzae was also impaired by poly I:C but not IFN-\u03b2 or IFN-\u03b3 in COPD MDM. HRV significantly reduced cytokine responses to H. influenzae. The IL-10 response to H. influenzae was significantly impaired by poly I:C, IFN-\u03b2, and IFN-\u03b3 in COPD cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HRV impairs phagocytosis of bacteria in COPD, which may lead to an outgrowth of bacteria. HRV also impairs cytokine responses to bacteria via the TLR3\/IFN pathway, which may prevent resolution of inflammation leading to prolonged exacerbations in COPD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201806-1095oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T15:58:06Z","timestamp":1545148686000},"page":"1496-1507","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Human Rhinovirus Impairs the Innate Immune Response to Bacteria in Alveolar Macrophages in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"199","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2226-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia J.","family":"Finney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kylie B. R.","family":"Belchamber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter S.","family":"Fenwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel V.","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Mallia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Donaldson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian L.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise E.","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jadwiga A.","family":"Wedzicha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30293-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"5","author":"GBD 2015 Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.040527","article-title":"Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"60","author":"Soler-Catalu\u00f1a","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61382-8","article-title":"COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention","volume":"370","author":"Wedzicha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200506-859OC","article-title":"Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations","volume":"173","author":"Papi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.07.015","article-title":"A community-based, time-matched, case-control study of respiratory viruses and exacerbations of COPD","volume":"101","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.9.2105011","article-title":"Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"164","author":"Seemungal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00223113","article-title":"Human rhinovirus infection during naturally occurring COPD exacerbations","volume":"44","author":"George","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.2.317","article-title":"Effect of interactions between lower airway bacterial and rhinoviral infection in exacerbations of COPD","volume":"129","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201205-0806OC","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection induces degradation of antimicrobial peptides and secondary bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"186","author":"Mallia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12099","article-title":"Viral and bacterial infection in acute asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease increases the risk of readmission","volume":"18","author":"Wark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib11","first-page":"2257","article-title":"Respiratory infectious phenotypes in acute exacerbation of COPD: an aid to length of stay and COPD assessment test","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12197","article-title":"Exacerbation phenotyping in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"18","author":"MacDonald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib13","first-page":"76","article-title":"Virus-bacteria interactions in COPD exacerbations","volume":"60","author":"Mallia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir Monogr"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2348","article-title":"Defective phagocytosis in airways disease","volume":"141","author":"Donnelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/61.1.45","article-title":"Macrophage defences against respiratory tract infections","volume":"61","author":"Gordon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200509-1461OC","article-title":"Impaired alveolar macrophage response to Haemophilus antigens in chronic obstructive lung disease","volume":"174","author":"Berenson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00036709","article-title":"Defective macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria in COPD","volume":"35","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib18","first-page":"e0163889","article-title":"Viral inhibition of bacterial phagocytosis by human macrophages: redundant role of CD36","volume-title":"PLoS One","author":"Cooper","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6795","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02074-10","article-title":"Rhinovirus-induced barrier dysfunction in polarized airway epithelial cells is mediated by NADPH oxidase 1","volume":"85","author":"Comstock","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00122.2017","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection induces distinct transcriptome profiles in polarized human macrophages","volume":"50","author":"Rajput","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000286","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection of allergen-sensitized and -challenged mice induces eotaxin release from functionally polarized macrophages","volume":"185","author":"Nagarkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00158008","article-title":"Effects of formoterol and salmeterol on cytokine release from monocyte-derived macrophages","volume":"36","author":"Donnelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-15-72","article-title":"Impaired macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria in severe asthma","volume":"15","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L867","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00020.2002","article-title":"Alveolar macrophage-mediated elastolysis: roles of matrix metalloproteinases, cysteine, and serine proteases","volume":"283","author":"Russell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9707","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.14.9707","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection induces expression of its own receptor intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) via increased NF-kappaB-mediated transcription","volume":"274","author":"Papi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1086\/323084","article-title":"Immune-mediated phagocytosis and killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae are associated with direct and bystander macrophage apoptosis","volume":"184","author":"Dockrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0163139","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163139","article-title":"Differential effects of p38, MAPK, PI3K or Rho kinase inhibitors on bacterial phagocytosis and efferocytosis by macrophages in COPD","volume":"11","author":"Bewley","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5752","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103426","article-title":"Defining GM-CSF- and macrophage-CSF-dependent macrophage responses by in vitro models","volume":"188","author":"Lacey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8248","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00162-06","article-title":"Rhinovirus replication in human macrophages induces NF-kappaB-dependent tumor necrosis factor alpha production","volume":"80","author":"Laza-Stanca","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00014-10","article-title":"The airway epithelium: soldier in the fight against respiratory viruses","volume":"24","author":"Vareille","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1086\/508428","article-title":"Impaired phagocytosis of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae by human alveolar macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"194","author":"Berenson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2413","article-title":"Efferocytosis and lung disease","volume":"143","author":"McCubbrey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3600","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages: plasticity in a tissue-specific context","volume":"14","author":"Hussell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.8879","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in inflammatory diseases","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349045","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2349045","article-title":"Dysregulated functions of lung macrophage populations in COPD","volume":"2018","author":"Kapellos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.01.006","article-title":"Transcriptome-based network analysis reveals a spectrum model of human macrophage activation","volume":"40","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.081752","article-title":"Rhinovirus exposure impairs immune responses to bacterial products in human alveolar macrophages","volume":"63","author":"Oliver","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209023","article-title":"A prospective, observational cohort study of the seasonal dynamics of airway pathogens in the aetiology of exacerbations in COPD","volume":"72","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012561","article-title":"New strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"347","author":"Sethi","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201302-0341OC","article-title":"Outgrowth of the bacterial airway microbiome after rhinovirus exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"188","author":"Molyneaux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1462","article-title":"Role of deficient type III interferon-lambda production in asthma exacerbations","volume":"12","author":"Contoli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1567","article-title":"Airway inflammation and illness severity in response to experimental rhinovirus infection in asthma","volume":"145","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-203669","article-title":"Impaired innate immune alveolar macrophage response and the predilection for COPD exacerbations","volume":"69","author":"Berenson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit400","article-title":"Phagocytic dysfunction of human alveolar macrophages and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"208","author":"Berenson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000333","article-title":"Bronchoscopy safety in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease","volume":"24","author":"Bellinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/01902140802366261","article-title":"In vitro modeling of human alveolar macrophage smoke exposure: enhanced inflammation and impaired function","volume":"34","author":"Winkler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Lung Res"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2014-0172OC","article-title":"Calcium restores the macrophage response to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"52","author":"Provost","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.023","article-title":"Phenotypic characterization of lung macrophages in asthmatic patients: overexpression of CCL17","volume":"130","author":"Staples","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12170","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages in pulmonary host defense the unrecognized role of apoptosis as a mechanism of intracellular bacterial killing","volume":"174","author":"Aberdein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0404OC","article-title":"LPS modulates rhinovirus-induced chemokine secretion in monocytes and macrophages","volume":"51","author":"Karta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201006-0833OC","article-title":"Experimental rhinovirus infection as a human model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation","volume":"183","author":"Mallia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2711","article-title":"The regulation of IL-10 production by immune cells","volume":"10","author":"Saraiva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.07.013","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages are the primary interferon-\u03b1 producer in pulmonary infection with RNA viruses","volume":"27","author":"Kumagai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.03.044","article-title":"Rhinovirus 16-induced IFN-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b2 are deficient in bronchoalveolar lavage cells in asthmatic patients","volume":"129","author":"Sykes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0606412","article-title":"Human rhinovirus induces robust IP-10 release by monocytic cells, which is independent of viral replication but linked to type I interferon receptor ligation and STAT1 activation","volume":"80","author":"Korpi-Steiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.03.005","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages and type I IFN in airway homeostasis and immunity","volume":"36","author":"Divangahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib57","first-page":"e0128757","article-title":"Effect of JAK inhibitors on release of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 from human airway epithelial cells","volume-title":"PLoS One","author":"Fenwick","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)80068-P","article-title":"Interleukin-10-deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis","volume":"75","author":"K\u00fchn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026030321295607700_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-014-0114-1","article-title":"Inflammatory thresholds and the species-specific effects of colonising bacteria in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Res"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/199\/12\/1496\/67116104\/ajrccm_199_12_1496.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/199\/12\/1496\/67116104\/ajrccm_199_12_1496.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T02:30:10Z","timestamp":1772591410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/199\/12\/1496\/8498027"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201806-1095oc","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}}}