{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:19:40Z","timestamp":1790662780097,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to air pollution during intrauterine development and through childhood may have lasting effects on respiratory health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate lung function at ages 8 and 15 years in relation to air pollution exposures during pregnancy, infancy, and childhood in a UK population\u2013based birth cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individual exposures to source-specific particulate matter \u226410 \u03bcm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) during each trimester, 0\u20136 months, 7\u201312 months (1990\u20131993), and up to age 15 years (1991\u20132008) were examined in relation to FEV1% predicted and FVC% predicted at ages 8 (n\u2009=\u20095,276) and 15 (n\u2009=\u20093,446) years using linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders. A profile regression model was used to identify sensitive time periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We did not find clear evidence of a sensitive exposure period for PM10 from road traffic. At age 8 years, 1 \u03bcg\/m3 higher exposure during the first trimester was associated with lower FEV1% predicted (\u22120.826; 95% confidence interval [CI], \u22121.357 to \u22120.296) and FVC% predicted (\u22120.817; 95% CI, \u22121.357 to \u22120.276), but similar associations were seen for exposures for other trimesters, 0\u20136 months, 7\u201312 months, and 0\u20137 years. Associations were stronger among boys, as well as children whose mother had a lower education level or smoked during pregnancy. For PM10 from all sources, the third trimester was associated with lower FVC% predicted (\u22121.312; 95% CI, \u22122.100 to \u22120.525). At age 15 years, no adverse associations with lung function were seen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to road-traffic PM10 during pregnancy may result in small but significant reductions in lung function at age 8 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201902-0286oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T14:32:35Z","timestamp":1583505155000},"page":"112-123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Prenatal, Early-Life, and Childhood Exposure to Air Pollution and Lung Function: The ALSPAC Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1601-2199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutong","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and"},{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health and Environmental Science, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9904-7447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna L.","family":"Hansell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and"},{"name":"Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Granell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1621-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Blangiardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8397-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"Zottoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0738-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Fecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3423-2013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Gulliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and"},{"name":"Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. John","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7511-5684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and"},{"name":"Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College London and Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, London, United Kingdom; and"},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Health Data Research UK \u2013 London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30099-7","article-title":"Lung function trajectories from pre-school age to adulthood and their associations with early life factors: a retrospective analysis of three population-based birth cohort studies","volume":"6","author":"Belgrave","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30100-0","article-title":"Childhood predictors of lung function trajectories and future COPD risk: a prospective cohort study from the first to the sixth decade of life","volume":"6","author":"Bui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib3","author":"Royal College of Physicians","journal-title":"Every breath we take: the lifelong impact of air pollution, report of a working party."},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411532","article-title":"Lung-function trajectories leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"373","author":"Lange","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60037-3","article-title":"Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study","volume":"369","author":"Gauderman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414123","article-title":"Association of improved air quality with lung development in children","volume":"372","author":"Gauderman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306770","article-title":"Air pollution exposure and lung function in children: the ESCAPE project","volume":"121","author":"Gehring","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.01.009","article-title":"Relationship between exposure to fine particulates and ozone and reduced lung function in children","volume":"137","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib9","first-page":"38","article-title":"Air pollution during pregnancy and lung development in the child","volume":"21","author":"Korten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205961","article-title":"Long-term exposure to PM10 and NO2 in association with lung volume and airway resistance in the MAAS birth cohort","volume":"121","author":"M\u00f6lter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31815c0827","article-title":"Residential outdoor air pollution and lung function in schoolchildren","volume":"19","author":"Oftedal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201506-1058OC","article-title":"Lifetime exposure to ambient pollution and lung function in children","volume":"193","author":"Rice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200510-1678OC","article-title":"Lung function growth in children with long-term exposure to air pollutants in Mexico City","volume":"176","author":"Rojas-Martinez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-1045OC","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and lung function in children at 8 years of age: a birth cohort study","volume":"186","author":"Schultz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201505-0928OC","article-title":"Early-life exposure to traffic-related air pollution and lung function in adolescence","volume":"193","author":"Schultz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-203159","article-title":"Associations of children\u2019s lung function with ambient air pollution: joint effects of regional and near-roadway pollutants","volume":"69","author":"Urman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2015.07.003","article-title":"Long-term air pollution exposure and lung function in 15 year-old adolescents living in an urban and rural area in Germany: the GINIplus and LISAplus cohorts","volume":"218","author":"Fuertes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0142565","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142565","article-title":"Long-term exposure to primary traffic pollutants and lung function in children: cross-sectional study and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Barone-Adesi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib19","first-page":"1800218","article-title":"Air pollution exposure and lung function until age 16 years: the PIAMA birth cohort study","volume-title":"Eur Respir J","author":"Milanzi","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2010.01136.x","article-title":"Effect of prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter on ventilatory lung function of preschool children of non-smoking mothers","volume":"24","author":"Jedrychowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31816a9dcb","article-title":"Air pollution and pulmonary function in asthmatic children: effects of prenatal and lifetime exposures","volume":"19","author":"Mortimer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-205413","article-title":"Intrauterine and early postnatal exposure to outdoor air pollution and lung function at preschool age","volume":"70","author":"Morales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201711-900OC","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution, lung function, and host vulnerability: new insights from the PARIS birth cohort","volume":"15","author":"Bougas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib24","first-page":"76","article-title":"Prenatal fine particulate exposure associated with reduced childhood lung function and nasal epithelia GSTP1 hypermethylation: sex-specific effects","volume-title":"Respir Res","author":"Lee","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064","article-title":"Cohort profile: the \u2018children of the 90s\u2019. The index offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children","volume":"42","author":"Boyd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys066","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC mothers cohort","volume":"42","author":"Fraser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Prenatal, early-life and lifetime exposure to air pollution and childhood lung function and asthma: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort study","author":"Cai","DOI":"10.1289\/isesisee.2018.P03.1140"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.3.7663792","article-title":"Standardization of spirometry, 1994 update","volume":"152","author":"American Thoracic Society","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201806-1168OC","article-title":"Childhood body composition trajectories and adolescent lung function: findings from the ALSPAC study","volume":"200","author":"Peralta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz063","article-title":"Data resource profile: the ALSPAC birth cohort as a platform to study the relationship of environment and health and social factors","volume":"48","author":"Boyd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.01.017","article-title":"Local- and regional-scale air pollution modelling (PM10) and exposure assessment for pregnancy trimesters, infancy, and childhood to age 15 years: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents And Children (ALSPAC)","volume":"113","author":"Gulliver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib32","first-page":"580","article-title":"The U.K. Met Office\u2019s next-generation atmospheric dispersion model, NAME III","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Air pollution modeling and its application XVII"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib33","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Large-sample significance levels from multiply imputed data using moment-based statistics and an F reference distribution","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxq013","article-title":"Bayesian profile regression with an application to the National Survey of Children\u2019s Health","volume":"11","author":"Molitor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v064.i07","article-title":"PReMiuM: an R package for profile regression mixture models using dirichlet processes","volume":"64","author":"Liverani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.01.011","article-title":"Environmental factors and developmental outcomes in the lung","volume":"114","author":"Kajekar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib37","article-title":"Emissions of air quality pollutants 1990\u20132012","author":"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11654-3","article-title":"Ambient black carbon particles reach the fetal side of human placenta","volume":"10","author":"Bov\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5427","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b06447","article-title":"DNA methylome marks of exposure to particulate matter at three time points in early life","volume":"52","author":"Plusquin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx184","article-title":"Potential for bias when estimating critical windows for air pollution in children\u2019s health","volume":"186","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00208102","article-title":"Lung and thorax development during adolescence: relationship with pubertal status","volume":"20","author":"N\u00e8ve","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026030321463665000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30202-0","article-title":"Impact of London\u2019s low emission zone on air quality and children\u2019s respiratory health: a sequential annual cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Mudway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/202\/1\/112\/67177471\/ajrccm_202_1_112.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/202\/1\/112\/67177471\/ajrccm_202_1_112.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T02:46:47Z","timestamp":1772592407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/202\/1\/112\/8494593"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201902-0286oc","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-02-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}