{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:56:44Z","timestamp":1790791004137,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in infants worldwide. Although T-helper type 2 (Th2) cell pathology is implicated in severe disease, the mechanisms underlying the development of immunopathology are incompletely understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to identify local immune responses associated with severe RSV in infants. Our hypothesis was that disease severity would correlate with enhanced Th2 cellular responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nasal aspirates were collected from infants hospitalized with severe (admitted to the pediatric ICU) or moderate (maintained in the general ward) RSV disease at 5 to 9 days after enrollment. The immune response was investigated by evaluating T-lymphocyte cellularity, cytokine concentration, and viral load.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with severe disease had increased proportions of CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8)-positive T cells expressing IL-4 (Tc2) and reduced proportions of CD8+ T cells expressing IFN\u03b3 (Tc1). Nasal aspirates from patients with severe disease had reduced concentrations of IL-17. Patients with greater frequencies of Tc1, CD8+ T cells expressing IL-17 (Tc17), and CD4+ T cells expressing IL-17 (Th17) had shorter durations of hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Severe RSV disease was associated with distinct T-cell profiles. Tc1, Tc17, and Th17 were associated with shorter hospital stay and may play a protective role, whereas Tc2 cells may play a previously underappreciated role in pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201903-0588oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T17:22:06Z","timestamp":1571851326000},"page":"325-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Severity Is Associated with Distinct CD8+ T-Cell Profiles"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"201","author":[{"given":"David T.","family":"Siefker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, and Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luan","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, and Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dahui","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, and"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children\u2019s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryleigh","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamekia L.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, and"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children\u2019s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"DeVincenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, and"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children\u2019s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6050-6172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephania A.","family":"Cormier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, and Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030321400205500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60206-1","article-title":"Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"375","author":"Nair","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026030321400205500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200406-730OC","article-title":"Severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy and asthma and allergy at age 13","volume":"171","author":"Sigurs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026030321400205500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.3.531","article-title":"Palivizumab, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, reduces hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants. 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