{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:15:33Z","timestamp":1791965733224,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pneumococcal pneumonia remains a global health problem. Colonization of the nasopharynx with Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), although a prerequisite of infection, is the main source of exposure and immunological boosting in children and adults. However, our knowledge of how nasal colonization impacts on the lung cells, especially on the predominant alveolar macrophage (AM) population, is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a controlled human infection model to achieve nasal colonization with 6B serotype, we investigated the effect of Spn colonization on lung cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collected BAL from healthy pneumococcal-challenged participants aged 18\u201349 years. Confocal microscopy and molecular and classical microbiology were used to investigate microaspiration and pneumococcal presence in the lower airways. AM opsonophagocytic capacity was assessed by functional assays in vitro, whereas flow cytometry and transcriptomic analysis were used to assess further changes on the lung cellular populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AMs from Spn-colonized individuals exhibited increased opsonophagocytosis to pneumococcus (11.4% median increase) for approximately 3 months after experimental pneumococcal colonization. AMs also had increased responses against other bacterial pathogens. Pneumococcal DNA detected in the BAL samples of Spn-colonized individuals were positively correlated with nasal pneumococcal density (r\u2009=\u20090.71; P\u2009=\u20090.029). Similarly, AM-heightened opsonophagocytic capacity was correlated with nasopharyngeal pneumococcal density (r\u2009=\u20090.61, P\u2009=\u20090.025).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings demonstrate that nasal colonization with pneumococcus and microaspiration prime AMs, leading to brisker responsiveness to both pneumococcus and unrelated bacterial pathogens. The relative abundance of AMs in the alveolar spaces, alongside their potential for nonspecific protection, render them an attractive target for novel vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201903-0607oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T15:48:26Z","timestamp":1571413706000},"page":"335-347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Nasal Pneumococcal Density Is Associated with Microaspiration and Heightened Human Alveolar Macrophage Responsiveness to Bacterial Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"201","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7586-6050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Mitsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United 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