{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:26:45Z","timestamp":1793413605973,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1645,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preschool wheezing is heterogeneous, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate lower airway inflammation and infection in preschool children with different clinical diagnoses undergoing elective bronchoscopy and BAL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited 136 children aged 1\u20135 years (105 with recurrent severe wheeze [RSW]; 31 with nonwheezing respiratory disease [NWRD]). Children with RSW were assigned as having episodic viral wheeze (EVW) or multiple-trigger wheeze (MTW). We compared lower airway inflammation and infection in different clinical diagnoses and undertook data-driven analyses to determine clusters of pathophysiological features, and we investigated their relationships with prespecified diagnostic labels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood eosinophil counts and percentages and allergic sensitization were significantly higher in children with RSW than in children with a NWRD. Blood neutrophil counts and percentages, BAL eosinophil and neutrophil percentages, and positive bacterial culture and virus detection rates were similar between groups. However, pathogen distribution differed significantly, with higher detection of rhinovirus in children with RSW and higher detection of Moraxella in sensitized children with RSW. Children with EVW and children with MTW did not differ in terms of blood or BAL-sample inflammation, or bacteria or virus detection. The Partition around Medoids algorithm revealed four clusters of pathophysiological features: 1) atopic (17.9%), 2) nonatopic with a low infection rate and high use of inhaled corticosteroids (31.3%), 3) nonatopic with a high infection rate (23.1%), and 4) nonatopic with a low infection rate and no use of inhaled corticosteroids (27.6%). Cluster allocation differed significantly between the RSW and NWRD groups (RSW was evenly distributed across clusters, and 60% of the NWRD group was assigned to cluster 4; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). There was no difference in cluster membership between the EVW and MTW groups. Cluster 1 was dominated by Moraxella detection (P\u2009=\u20090.04), and cluster 3 was dominated by Haemophilus or Staphylococcus or Streptococcus detection (P\u2009=\u20090.02).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified four clusters of severe preschool wheeze, which were distinguished by using sensitization, peripheral eosinophilia, lower airway neutrophilia, and bacteriology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202009-3696oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T17:40:34Z","timestamp":1620409234000},"page":"523-535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Recurrent Severe Preschool Wheeze: From Prespecified Diagnostic Labels to Underlying Endotypes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"204","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2463-3024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polly F. 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