{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T20:36:09Z","timestamp":1793824569523,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320030_163311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320030_163311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320030_163311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320030_163311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants born prematurely have impaired capacity to deal with oxidative stress shortly after birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We hypothesize that the relative impact of exposure to air pollution on lung function is higher in preterm than in term infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the prospective BILD (Basel-Bern Infant Lung Development) birth cohort of 254 preterm and 517 term infants, we investigated associations of particulate matter \u2a7d10 \u03bcm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide with lung function at 44 weeks\u2019 postconceptional age and exhaled markers of inflammation and oxidative stress response (fractional exhaled nitric oxide [FeNO]) in an explorative hypothesis-driven study design. Multilevel mixed-effects models were used and adjusted for known confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant associations of PM10 during the second trimester of pregnancy with lung function and FeNO were found in term and preterm infants. Importantly, we observed stronger positive associations in preterm infants (born 32\u201336 wk), with an increase of 184.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 79.1\u2013290.7) ml\/min V\u0307 e per 10-\u03bcg\/m3 increase in PM10, than in term infants (75.3; 95% CI, 19.7\u2013130.8 ml\/min) (pprematurity\u2009 \u00d7\u2009 PM10 interaction\u2009=\u20090.04, after multiple comparison adjustment padj\u2009=\u20090.09). Associations of PM10 and FeNO differed between moderate to late preterm (3.4; 95% CI, \u22120.1 to 6.8 ppb) and term (\u22120.3; 95% CI, \u22121.5 to 0.9 ppb) infants, and the interaction with prematurity was significant (pprematurity\u2009 \u00d7\u2009 PM10 interaction\u2009=\u20090.006, padj\u2009=\u20090.036).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preterm infants showed significantly higher susceptibility even to low to moderate prenatal air pollution exposure than term infants, leading to increased impairment of postnatal lung function. FeNO results further elucidate differences in inflammatory\/oxidative stress response when comparing preterm infants with term infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202102-0272oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T18:20:12Z","timestamp":1632939612000},"page":"99-107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Increased Impact of Air Pollution on Lung Function in Preterm versus Term Infants: The BILD Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"205","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3005-3018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabienne","family":"Decrue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel UKBB"},{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Gorlanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel UKBB"},{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmin","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel UKBB"},{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Vienneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Basel, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kees","family":"de Hoogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Basel, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Gisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel UKBB"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Usemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel UKBB"},{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children\u2019s Hospital of Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Insa","family":"Korten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel UKBB"},{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uri","family":"Nahum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel UKBB"},{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Sinues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel UKBB"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Schulzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel UKBB"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7127-5226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel UKBB"},{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Latzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel UKBB"},{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"R\u00f6\u00f6sli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Basel, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urs","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel UKBB"},{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031604143879900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414123","article-title":"Association of improved air quality with lung development in children","volume":"372","author":"Gauderman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026031604143879900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60446-3","article-title":"Risk factors and early origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"385","author":"Postma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026031604143879900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201211-2008OC","article-title":"A prospective study of the impact of air pollution on respiratory symptoms and infections in infants","volume":"187","author":"Stern","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026031604143879900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.019","article-title":"Exposure to moderate air pollution and associations with lung function at school-age: A birth cohort study","volume":"126","author":"Usemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026031604143879900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-205413","article-title":"Intrauterine and early postnatal exposure to outdoor air pollution and lung function at preschool age","volume":"70","author":"Morales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026031604143879900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-1045OC","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and lung function in children at 8 years of age: a birth cohort study","volume":"186","author":"Schultz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026031604143879900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201711-900OC","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution, lung function, and host vulnerability. 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