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Subgroup analyses were conducted for race, ethnicity, nSES, and other factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among all participants, lung cancer risk was positively associated with nitrogen oxide (hazard ratio [HR], 1.15 per 50 ppb; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99\u20131.33), nitrogen dioxide (HR, 1.12 per 20 ppb; 95% CI, 0.95\u20131.32), fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter &amp;lt;2.5 \u03bcm (HR, 1.20 per 10 \u03bcg\/m3; 95% CI, 1.01\u20131.43), carbon monoxide (HR, 1.29 per 1,000 ppb; 95% CI, 0.99\u20131.67), and regional benzene (HR, 1.17 per 1 ppb; 95% CI, 1.02\u20131.34) exposures. These patterns of associations were driven by associations among African American and Latino American groups. There was no formal evidence for heterogeneity of effects by nSES (P heterogeneity\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.21), although participants residing in low-SES neighborhoods had increased lung cancer risk associated with nitrogen oxides, and no association was observed among those in high-SES neighborhoods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings in a large multiethnic population reflect an association between lung cancer and the mixture of traffic-related air pollution and not a particular individual pollutant. They are consistent with the adverse effects of air pollution that have been described in less racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse populations. Our results also suggest an increased risk of lung cancer among those residing in low-SES neighborhoods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202107-1770oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T15:31:02Z","timestamp":1654097462000},"page":"1008-1018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Traffic-related Air Pollution and Lung Cancer Incidence: The California Multiethnic Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"206","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4132-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iona","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiuchen","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Shariff-Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-shim Lani","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Sciences in the Pacific Program (Cancer Epidemiology), University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Conroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pushkar P.","family":"Inamdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Fruin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica W.","family":"Setiawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mindy C.","family":"DeRouen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scarlett Lin","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne R.","family":"Wilkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Sciences in the Pacific Program (Cancer Epidemiology), University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Le Marchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Sciences in the Pacific Program (Cancer 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