{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T05:20:24Z","timestamp":1791004824961,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008593","name":"European Respiratory Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EMBARC2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMBARC2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008593","name":"European Respiratory Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EMBARC2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMBARC2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bronchiectasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are two disease entities with overlapped clinical features, and codiagnosis frequently occurs (termed the \u201cCOPD\u2013bronchiectasis association\u201d).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the sputum microbiome and proteome in patients with bronchiectasis, COPD, and the COPD\u2013bronchiectasis association with the aim of identifying endotypes that may inform treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sputum microbiome and protein profiling were carried out using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and a label-free proteomics workflow, respectively, in a cohort comprising patients with COPD (n\u2009=\u200943), bronchiectasis (n\u2009=\u200930), and the COPD\u2013bronchiectasis association (n\u2009=\u200948). Results were validated in an independent cohort of 91 patients (n\u2009=\u200928\u201331 each group) using targeted measurements of inflammatory markers, mucins, and bacterial culture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Principal component analysis of sputum microbiome and protein profiles showed a partial separation between the COPD and the \u201cCOPD\u2013bronchiectasis association\u201d group. Further analyses revealed that patients with the \u201cCOPD\u2013bronchiectasis association\u201d had a higher abundance of proteobacteria, higher expression of mucin-5AC and proteins from the \u201cneutrophil degranulation\u201d pathway compared to those with COPD. In contrast, patients with COPD had an elevated expression of mucin-5B and several peptidase inhibitors, higher abundance of common commensal taxa, and a greater microbiome diversity. The profiles of \u201cCOPD\u2013bronchiectasis association\u201d and bronchiectasis groups were largely overlapping. Five endotypes were proposed with differential inflammatory, mucin, and microbiological features. The key features related to the \u201cCOPD\u2013bronchiectasis association\u201d were validated in an independent cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neutrophilic inflammation, differential mucin expression, and Gram-negative infection are dominant traits in patients with the \u201cCOPD\u2013bronchiectasis association.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202108-1943oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T17:00:27Z","timestamp":1650301227000},"page":"417-426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Endotyping Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Bronchiectasis, and the \u201cChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease\u2013Bronchiectasis 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and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Polverino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Bottier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison J.","family":"Dicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7360-6060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia","family":"Shoemark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of 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