{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:58:06Z","timestamp":1787018286897,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 (SPN3) is a cause of invasive pneumococcal disease and associated with low carriage rates. Following the introduction of pediatric 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) programs, SPN3 declines are less than other vaccine serotypes and incidence has increased in some populations coincident with a shift in predominant circulating SPN3 clade, from I to II. A human challenge model provides an effective means for assessing the impact of PCV13 on SPN3 in the upper airway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish SPN3's ability to colonize the nasopharynx using different inoculum clades and doses, and the safety of an SPN3 challenge model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a human challenge study involving three well-characterized and antibiotic-sensitive SPN3 isolates (PFESP306 [clade Ia], PFESP231 [no clade], and PFESP505 [clade II]), inoculum doses (10,000, 20,000, 80,000, and 160,000 cfu\/100 \u03bcl) were escalated until maximal colonization rates were achieved, with concurrent acceptable safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurement and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Presence and density of experimental SPN3 nasopharyngeal colonization in nasal wash samples, assessed using microbiological culture and molecular methods, on Days 2, 7, and 14 postinoculation. A total of 96 healthy participants (median age 21, interquartile range 19\u201325) were inoculated (n\u2009=\u20096\u201310 per dose group, 10 groups). Colonization rates ranged from 30.0\u201370.0% varying with dose and isolate. 30.0% (29\/96) reported mild symptoms (82.8% [24\/29] developed a sore throat); one developed otitis media requiring antibiotics. No serious adverse events occurred.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An SPN3 human challenge model is feasible and safe with comparable carriage rates to an established Serotype 6B human challenge model. SPN3 carriage may cause mild upper respiratory symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202112-2700oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T15:54:56Z","timestamp":1657295696000},"page":"1379-1392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Human Infection Challenge with Serotype 3 Pneumococcus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"206","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0871-4780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan E.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Respiratory Research Group, Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Liverpool, 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