{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:43:04Z","timestamp":1792698184597,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1178,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010486","name":"Teijin Pharma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010486","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010486","name":"Teijin Pharma","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010486","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The long-term effects of using a high-flow nasal cannula for chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess whether long-term high-flow nasal cannula use reduces the number of exacerbations and improves other physiological parameters in patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled 104 participants (aged \u2a7e40 yr) with daytime hypercapnia (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stages 2\u20134) receiving long-term oxygen therapy (\u2a7e16 h\/d for \u2a7e1 mo) and randomly assigned them to high-flow nasal cannula\/long-term oxygen therapy and long-term oxygen therapy groups. The primary endpoint was the moderate or severe exacerbation rate. We compared changes from baseline in arterial blood gas values, peripheral oxygen saturation, pulmonary function, health-related quality-of-life scores, and the 6-minute-walk test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-flow nasal cannula use significantly reduced the rate of moderate\/severe exacerbations (unadjusted mean count 1.0 vs. 2.5, a ratio of the adjusted mean count between groups [95% confidence interval] of 2.85 [1.48\u20135.47]) and prolonged the duration without moderate or severe exacerbations. The median time to first moderate or severe exacerbation in the long-term oxygen therapy group was 25 (14.1\u201347.4) weeks; this was not reached in the high-flow nasal cannula\/long-term oxygen therapy group. High-flow nasal cannula use significantly improved health-related quality of life scores, peripheral oxygen saturation, and specific pulmonary function parameters. No safety concerns were identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high-flow nasal cannula is a reasonable therapeutic option for patients with stable hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a history of exacerbations.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical trial registered with www.umin\/ac.jp (UMIN000028581) and www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03282019).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202201-0199oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T11:27:33Z","timestamp":1656588453000},"page":"1326-1335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Home High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy for Stable Hypercapnic COPD: A Randomized Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"Kazuma","family":"Nagata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeo","family":"Horie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Maebashi Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naohiko","family":"Chohnabayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Thoracic Center, St. Luke\u2019s International Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torahiko","family":"Jinta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Thoracic Center, St. Luke\u2019s International Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Tsugitomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Thoracic Center, St. Luke\u2019s International Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Shiraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Gifu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumiaki","family":"Tokioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6064-4885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toru","family":"Kadowaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National Hospital Organization Matsue Medical Center, Matsue, Shimane, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Ehime Medical Center, Toon, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motonari","family":"Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Center, Tazuke Kofukai Foundation, Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takamasa","family":"Kitajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Center, Tazuke Kofukai Foundation, Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9626-1090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susumu","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Tsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirigaoka Tsuda Hospital, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhito","family":"Kishimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Takamastu Municipal Hospital, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideo","family":"Kita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Takatsuki Red Cross Hospital, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, KKR Takamatsu Hospital, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kishiwada City Hospital, Kishiwada, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomomasa","family":"Tsuboi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Minami Kyoto Hospital, Joyo, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka National Hospital, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Hataji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Center, Matsusaka Municipal Hospital, Matsusaka, Mie, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Fuke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, KKR Sapporo Medical Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiko","family":"Kagajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Gifu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Nishine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyasu","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Center, Suzuka General Hospital, Suzuka, Mie, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sakaide City Hospital, Sakaide, Kagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1954-1152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miyuki","family":"Okuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osaka Anti-Tuberculosis Association Osaka Hospital, Neyagawa, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayaka","family":"Tachibana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohei","family":"Takata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Fukuokahigashi Medical Center, Koga, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisayuki","family":"Osoreda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Minami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ishikiriseiki Hospital, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto Katsura Hospital, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiro","family":"Terada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoko","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Kohashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, HARUHI Respiratory Medical Hospital, Kiyosu, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromasa","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Statistics, Translational Research Center for Medical Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Statistics, Translational Research Center for Medical Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Tomii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00082507","article-title":"Definition, epidemiology and natural history of COPD","volume":"30","author":"Viegi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.6.1580","article-title":"Relative survival analysis of 252 patients with COPD receiving long-term oxygen therapy","volume":"113","author":"Foucher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.04.007","article-title":"Research in high flow therapy: mechanisms of action","volume":"103","author":"Dysart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/1479972307087190","article-title":"Domiciliary humidification improves lung mucociliary clearance in patients with bronchiectasis","volume":"5","author":"Hasani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chron Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00584.2016","article-title":"Nasal high flow reduces dead space","volume":"122","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209673","article-title":"Change in pulmonary mechanics and the effect on breathing pattern of high flow oxygen therapy in stable hypercapnic COPD","volume":"72","author":"Pisani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-018-0576-x","article-title":"Effectiveness of nasal highflow in hypercapnic COPD patients is flow and leakage dependent","volume":"18","author":"Br\u00e4unlich","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503326","article-title":"High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure","volume":"372","author":"Frat","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0597-5","article-title":"Effects of high-flow nasal cannula and non-invasive ventilation on inspiratory effort in hypercapnic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a preliminary study","volume":"9","author":"Rittayamai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.2711","article-title":"Effect of postextubation high-flow nasal cannula vs conventional oxygen therapy on reintubation in low-risk patients: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"315","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2019.1672637","article-title":"Nasal high flow for stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Bonnevie","year":"2019","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S159666","article-title":"Long-term effects of oxygen-enriched high-flow nasal cannula treatment in COPD patients with chronic hypoxemic respiratory failure","volume":"13","author":"Storgaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.12.016","article-title":"The clinical utility of long-term humidification therapy in chronic airway disease","volume":"104","author":"Rea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.21.21257508","article-title":"Domiciliary high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for stable hypercapnic COPD patients: a prospective, multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial [preprint]","author":"Nagata","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201701-0218PP","article-title":"Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report: GOLD executive summary","volume":"195","author":"Vogelmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.092858","article-title":"Impact of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms on COPD exacerbation","volume":"63","author":"Terada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-106-2-196","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"106","author":"Anthonisen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-0702","article-title":"Development and validation of an improved, COPD-specific version of the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire","volume":"132","author":"Meguro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00088-X","article-title":"The Severe Respiratory Insufficiency (SRI) Questionnaire: a specific measure of health-related quality of life in patients receiving home mechanical ventilation","volume":"56","author":"Windisch","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x","article-title":"Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L)","volume":"20","author":"Herdman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00232-8","article-title":"Psychometric assessment of subjective sleep quality using the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-J) in psychiatric disordered and control subjects","volume":"97","author":"Doi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.7.581","article-title":"Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"54","author":"Bestall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","article-title":"Standardisation of spirometry","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib25","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Reference values of spirogram and arterial blood gas levels in Japanese","volume":"39","author":"Sasaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Jpn Respir Soc"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.166.1.at1102","article-title":"ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test","volume":"166","author":"ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2015.11.007","article-title":"The Japanese Respiratory Society noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) guidelines (second revised edition)","volume":"55","author":"Akashiba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir Investig"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201710-2029OC","article-title":"Natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations in a general practice-based population with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"198","author":"Rothnie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.04.132","article-title":"Impaired sleep quality in COPD is associated with exacerbations: the CanCOLD cohort study","volume":"156","author":"Shorofsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.04.013","article-title":"Effect of a single exacerbation on decline in lung function in COPD","volume":"128","author":"Halpin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201706-425OC","article-title":"Domiciliary high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for patients with stable hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A multicenter randomized crossover trial","volume":"15","author":"Nagata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201310-1863PP","article-title":"Minimal clinically important differences in pharmacological trials","volume":"189","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207962","article-title":"Nasal high flow oxygen therapy in patients with COPD reduces respiratory rate and tissue carbon dioxide while increasing tidal and end-expiratory lung volumes: a randomised crossover trial","volume":"71","author":"Fraser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40248-015-0019-y","article-title":"Nasal high-flow versus non-invasive ventilation in stable hypercapnic COPD: a preliminary report","volume":"10","author":"Br\u00e4unlich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multidiscip Respir Med"},{"key":"2026022021132405500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2021.05.018","article-title":"Effects of high flow nasal cannula on exercise endurance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/206\/11\/1326\/67000602\/ajrccm_206_11_1326.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/206\/11\/1326\/67000602\/ajrccm_206_11_1326.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T02:13:32Z","timestamp":1771640012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/206\/11\/1326\/8491723"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202201-0199oc","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.05.21.21257508","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-01-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}