{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:40:54Z","timestamp":1791614454932,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1027,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K01AI156022-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K01AI156022-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K01AI156022-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K01AI156022-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is growing concern that post\u2013tuberculosis disease (TB) sequelae and morbidity are substantial, but no studies have controlled for preexisting factors before disease. Whether children have post-TB morbidity is not well characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the effect of a TB diagnosis on wheezing episodes, lung function, and anthropometric measurements among children enrolled in a prospective birth cohort study in South Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We prospectively followed children from birth through 5 years for TB using diagnostic tests including chest radiography and repeated induced sputum sample testing with Xpert MTB\/RIF and liquid culture. We longitudinally measured health outcomes including growth, wheezing, and lung function up to 5 years. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used to assess growth and lung function after TB. Poisson regression was used to assess risk of subsequent wheezing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 1,068 participants, 96 TB cases occurred (1,228 cases per 100,000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI), 1,006\u20131,500]) occurred over 7,815 child-years of follow-up. TB was associated with lower length-for-age (\u22120.40 [95% CI, \u22120.68 to \u22120.11]), weight-for-age (\u22120.30 [95% CI, \u22120.59 to \u22120.01]), and body mass index (\u22120.54 [95% CI, \u22120.83 to \u22120.25]) z-scores at 5 years. Children developing TB were consistently more likely to wheeze regardless of the timing of TB. Children with diagnoses of TB between 0 and 1 year of age had reduced time to peak tidal expiratory flow over total expiratory time (\u22122.35% [95% CI, \u22124.86% to \u22120.17%]) and higher fractional exhaled nitric oxide (2.88 ppb [95% CI, 0.57\u20135.19 ppb]) at 5 years. Children with diagnoses of TB between 1 and 4 years of age had impaired Vt (\u22129.32 ml [95% CI, \u221214.89 to \u22123.75 ml]) and time to peak tidal expiratory flow over total expiratory time (\u22122.73% [95% CI, \u22125.45% to \u22120.01%]) at 5 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prevention of TB disease in the first few years of life may have substantial long-term benefits through childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202208-1543oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T19:10:44Z","timestamp":1675710644000},"page":"1080-1088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["The Long-Term Impact of Early-Life Tuberculosis Disease on Child Health: A Prospective Birth Cohort 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and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Nel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"SA\u2013Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaakira","family":"Chaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"SA\u2013Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carvern","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"SA\u2013Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley","family":"Workman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"SA\u2013Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Nicol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SA\u2013Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, and"},{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; and"},{"name":"Marshall Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather J.","family":"Zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial 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