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Bronchitic symptoms (bronchitis, cough, or phlegm in the past 12\u2009mo) were ascertained via a questionnaire in adulthood. Associations between mean air pollution exposure across childhood and self-reported adult bronchitic symptoms were estimated using logistic regression. We further adjusted for childhood bronchitic symptoms and asthma to understand whether associations operated beyond childhood respiratory health impacts. Effect modification was assessed for family history of asthma, childhood asthma, and adult allergies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1,308 participants were included (mostly non-Hispanic White [56%] or Hispanic [32%]). At adult assessment (mean age, 32.0\u2009yr; standard deviation [SD], 4.7), 25% reported bronchitic symptoms. Adult bronchitic symptoms were associated with NO2 and PM10 childhood exposures. Odds ratios per 1-SD increase were 1.69 (95% confidence interval, 1.14\u20132.49) for NO2 (SD, 11.1\u2009ppb) and 1.51 (95% confidence interval, 1.00\u20132.27) for PM10 (SD, 14.2\u2009\u03bcg\/m3). Adjusting for childhood bronchitic symptoms or asthma produced similar results. NO2 and PM10 associations were modified by childhood asthma, with greater associations among asthmatic individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Childhood NO2 and PM10 exposures were associated with adult bronchitic symptoms. Associations were not explained by childhood respiratory health impacts; however, participants with childhood asthma had stronger associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202308-1484oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T09:05:48Z","timestamp":1719565548000},"page":"1025-1034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Childhood Air Pollution Exposure Associated with Self-reported Bronchitic Symptoms in Adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"210","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1540-9805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoe H.","family":"Birnhak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5724-9437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Howland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9943-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick","family":"Lurmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonoma Technology, Inc, Petaluma, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan R.","family":"Pavlovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonoma Technology, Inc, Petaluma, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"McConnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9897-3692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shohreh F.","family":"Farzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0029-5641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa M.","family":"Bastain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rima","family":"Habre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carrie V.","family":"Breton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031604123616600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e209","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00008-6","article-title":"Global estimates of daily ambient fine particulate matter concentrations and unequal spatiotemporal distribution of population exposure: a machine learning modelling study","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2026031604123616600_bib2","volume-title":"Air pollution and child health: prescribing clean air","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026031604123616600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202001-046ST","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution and new-onset airway disease. 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