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   <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data of participants in the SPIROMICS study (Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study). Chest radiologists and pulmonologists labeled regions of the lung as GGOs, and the adaptive multiple feature method (AMFM) trained the computer to assign those labels to image voxels and quantify the volume of the lung with GGOs (%GGOAMFM). We used multivariable linear regression, zero-inflated negative binomial, and proportional hazards regression models to assess the association of %GGOAMFM with WBCs, changes in percentage emphysema, and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 2,714 participants, 1,680 had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 1,034 had normal spirometry. Among participants with COPD, on the basis of multivariable analysis, current smoking and chronic productive cough were associated with higher %GGOAMFM. Higher %GGOAMFM was cross-sectionally associated with higher WBC and neutrophil concentrations. Higher %GGOAMFM per interquartile range at visit 1 (baseline) was associated with an increase in emphysema at 1-year follow-up visit by 11.7% (relative increase; 95% confidence interval, 7.5\u201316.1%; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). We found no association between %GGOAMFM and 1-year FEV1 decline, but %GGOAMFM was associated with exacerbations and all-cause mortality during a median follow-up of 1,544\u2009days (interquartile interval, 1,118\u20132,059). Among normal spirometry participants, we found similar results, except that %GGOAMFM was associated with progression to COPD at 1-year follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that GGOAMFM is associated with increased systemic inflammation and emphysema progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202310-1825oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T13:18:05Z","timestamp":1717679885000},"page":"1432-1440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Association of Ground-Glass Opacities with Systemic Inflammation and Progression of Emphysema"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"210","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7807-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon","family":"Fortis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Access & Delivery Research & Evaluation, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. 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