{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:57:00Z","timestamp":1785538620361,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008349","name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1199-0439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1199-0439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001003","name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1199-0439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1199-0439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease with pulmonary manifestations in &amp;gt;90% of patients. Environmental exposures are associated with sarcoidosis incidence, but the impact on clinical outcomes remains understudied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the association of exposures to ambient particulate matter \u22642.5 \u03bcm in diameter (PM2.5) with lung function outcomes in pulmonary sarcoidosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PM2.5 and constituent exposures were obtained by matching monthly satellite-derived hybrid measurements to each patient\u2019s residential address obtained from the time of enrollment, averaged over 5 years before registry enrollment and censoring. Linear models evaluated associations of pollutants with baseline lung function (FEV1, FVC, FEV1\/FVC ratio, and Dl \u00a0CO). Linear mixed effects models analyzed associations of pollutants with rates of lung function change (FEV1, FVC, and Dl \u00a0CO change per year of follow-up).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two prospectively enrolled cohorts of mostly middle-aged, White, and nonsmoking adults with specialist-diagnosed pulmonary sarcoidosis were used. The U.S. cohort (n\u2009=\u2009400) experienced higher 5-year preenrollment median PM2.5 exposures (12.3 \u03bcg\/m3) than the Canadian cohort (n\u2009=\u2009112) (8.0 \u03bcg\/m3). Each 1-\u03bcg\/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with 0.93% predicted lower baseline FEV1 (95% confidence interval, \u22121.76 to \u22120.10; P\u2009=\u20090.03) and 1.53% predicted lower FVC (95% confidence interval, \u22122.26 to \u22120.79; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) in the U.S. cohort, but the associations were not significant in the Canadian cohort. PM2.5, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium were associated with accelerated FEV1, FVC, and Dl \u00a0CO decline in the U.S. cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PM2.5 was associated with worse pulmonary disease severity and progression in a higher-exposure cohort, highlighting the importance of exposure disparities in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202410-1925oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T14:11:51Z","timestamp":1750255911000},"page":"1846-1854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Particulate Matter Associations with Lung Function in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"211","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8124-753X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon E.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2497-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Assayag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Broerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolene H.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin F.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1205-5511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerri A.","family":"Johannson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6597-7830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Kass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasreen","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3837-1467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin R. J.","family":"Kolb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, The Research Institute of St Joe\u2019s Hamilton, St Joseph\u2019s Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"Manganas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine, Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5890-3227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Marcoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Ryerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and"},{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7446-7346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed I.","family":"Seedahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Medical Service, Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingze","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Mehdi","family":"Nouraie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian C.","family":"Goobie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and"},{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.10.2104046","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis","volume":"164","author":"Baughman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000080","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis","volume":"20","author":"Gerke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib3","first-page":"736","article-title":"Statement on sarcoidosis. Joint statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG) adopted by the ATS Board of Directors and by the ERS Executive Committee, February 1999","volume":"160","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2023-221309","article-title":"Pulmonary sarcoidosis: differences in lung function change over time","volume":"79","author":"Sharp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01340","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for sarcoidosis","volume":"11","author":"Judson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(00)00179-4","article-title":"A current assessment of rurally linked exposures as potential risk factors for sarcoidosis","volume":"11","author":"Kajdasz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-3692(15)37948-4","article-title":"Relationship of environmental exposures to the clinical phenotype of sarcoidosis","volume":"128","author":"Kreider","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","article-title":"Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.4696","article-title":"Association of particulate matter exposure with lung function and mortality among patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease","volume":"182","author":"Goobie","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.11.012","article-title":"Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of development of childhood asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Khreis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003099","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.030992020","article-title":"Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of asthma: the ELAPSE project","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110703","article-title":"Impact of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution on the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"194","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061077","article-title":"Short-term particulate air pollution exposure is associated with increased severity of respiratory and quality of life symptoms in patients with fibrotic sarcoidosis","volume":"15","author":"Pirozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.08.049","article-title":"The association between air pollution and lung function in sarcoidosis and implications for health disparities","volume":"167","author":"Mustafa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib15","first-page":"A6633","article-title":"PM2.5 associations with lung function in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis [abstract]","volume":"209","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib16","first-page":"3562923","article-title":"The Canadian Registry for Pulmonary Fibrosis: Design and rationale of a national pulmonary fibrosis registry","volume":"2016","author":"Ryerson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202002-0251ST","article-title":"Diagnosis and detection of sarcoidosis. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"201","author":"Crouser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib18","article-title":"Neighborhood Atlas","author":"Center for Health Disparities Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib19","article-title":"The Canadian Index of Multiple Deprivation","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00357-2022","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00357-2022","article-title":"Neighbourhood disadvantage impacts on pulmonary function in patients with sarcoidosis","volume":"8","author":"Goobie","year":"2022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202109-2065OC","article-title":"Neighborhood-level disadvantage impacts on patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease","volume":"205","author":"Goobie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7879","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c01764","article-title":"Global estimates and long-term trends of fine particulate matter concentrations (1998\u20132018)","volume":"54","author":"Hammer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06392","article-title":"Regional estimates of chemical composition of fine particulate matter using a combined geoscience-statistical method with information from satellites, models, and monitors","volume":"53","author":"van Donkelaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202205-0963OC","article-title":"A race-neutral approach to the interpretation of lung function measurements","volume":"207","author":"Bowerman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib25","first-page":"659","article-title":"Reference spirometric values using techniques and equipment that meet ATS recommendations","volume":"123","author":"Crapo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901905","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01905-2019","article-title":"Effects of adopting the Global Lung Function Initiative 2017 reference equations on the interpretation of carbon monoxide transfer factor","volume":"55","author":"Brazzale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib27","first-page":"187","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and sarcoidosis","volume":"49","author":"Peros-Golubici\u0107","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Med Croatica"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib28","first-page":"166","article-title":"Epidemiology, demographics, and genetics of sarcoidosis","volume":"13","author":"Rybicki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin Respir Infect"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106564","article-title":"The impact of demographic disparities in the presentation of sarcoidosis: a multicenter prospective study","volume":"187","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1284-3_2","volume-title":"Statistical models in epidemiology, the environment, and clinical trials.","author":"Robins","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00011","article-title":"Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"Robins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476493","article-title":"Analysis of semiparametric regression models for repeated outcomes in the presence of missing data","volume":"90","author":"Robins","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193549","article-title":"Threshold effects of PM2.5 exposure on particle-related mortality in China","volume":"16","author":"Tran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib34","article-title":"EPA finalizes stronger standards for harmful soot pollution, significantly increasing health and clean air protections for families, workers, and communities","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00463-5","article-title":"The atmospheric chemistry of sulphur and nitrogen in power station plumes","volume":"35","author":"Hewitt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1126\/science.361.6407.1060","article-title":"Ammonia, a poorly understood smog ingredient, could be key to limiting deadly pollution","volume":"80","author":"Plautz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.04.064","article-title":"Source apportionment of sulfate and nitrate particulate matter in the Eastern United States and effectiveness of emission control programs","volume":"490","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.25403","article-title":"Fine particulate matter components and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a large general Canadian open cohort study","volume":"77","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120942","article-title":"PM(2.5) and constituent component impacts on global DNA methylation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"318","author":"Goobie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib40","first-page":"119","article-title":"The clinical course of sarcoidosis: presentation, diagnosis, and treatment in a large white and black cohort in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Judson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537382","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.537382","article-title":"Sarcoidosis epidemiology: race matters","volume":"11","author":"Hena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00070503","article-title":"Sarcoidosis: social predictors of severity at presentation","volume":"24","author":"Rabin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026013020471311600_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1915834","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.15834","article-title":"Burden of cause-specific mortality associated with PM2.5 air pollution in the United States","volume":"2","author":"Bowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/211\/10\/1846\/66621435\/ajrccm_211_10_1846.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/211\/10\/1846\/66621435\/ajrccm_211_10_1846.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T01:47:25Z","timestamp":1769824045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/211\/10\/1846\/8444216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202410-1925oc","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}