{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:19:55Z","timestamp":1793834395690,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":177,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL144599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL144599"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24HL159247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24HL159247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HL007749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL007749"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL158626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL158626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AI143852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AI143852"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31DK138603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31DK138603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Molecular Mechanisms in Microbial Pathogenesis Training Program","award":["T32AI007528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI007528"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Medical Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of sepsis. Antianaerobic antibiotics, which deplete gut commensal bacteria, are common in the initial management of sepsis. Recent studies have reported an association between antianaerobic antibiotics and mortality, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether antianaerobic antibiotics and gut microbiome disruption increase patient susceptibility to sepsis-associated AKI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified a cohort of patients with sepsis and performed four complementary analyses: 1) comparing AKI incidence among patients who did and did not receive early antianaerobic antibiotics, 2 and 3) two instrumental variable analyses using the 2015\u20132016 piperacillin-tazobactam shortage to determine the effect of antianaerobic antibiotics on the onset and resolution of AKI, and 4) a matched case-control study comparing gut microbiota in septic patients who did and did not develop AKI. We then modeled sepsis in genetically identical but microbially heterogeneous mice and compared creatinine elevation with gut microbiota.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a retrospective cohort study (N\u2009=\u200912,776), early exposure to antianaerobic antibiotics was independently associated with a 61% increased risk of sepsis-associated AKI (95% confidence interval [CI], 37\u201392%). In instrumental variable analyses of AKI onset (n\u2009=\u20093,036) and resolution (n\u2009=\u20092,177), treatment with antianaerobic antibiotics (piperacillin-tazobactam) was associated with an increased hazard of AKI onset (hazard ratio, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.18\u20132.30) and decreased AKI resolution (hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.61\u20130.88). In a matched case-control study of gut microbiota in 372 patients with sepsis, increased gut bacterial density and enrichment with Enterobacteriaceae and Lachnospiraceae spp. predicted subsequent AKI onset. In a murine model of sepsis (n\u2009=\u200953), creatinine elevation was strongly associated with vendor and gut community composition (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001 for all), with relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae spp. explaining 18% of variation in serum creatinine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antianaerobic antibiotics are associated with increased risk of AKI in sepsis, potentially via modulation of the gut microbiome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202411-2281oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T17:38:22Z","timestamp":1753897102000},"page":"314-326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Antianaerobic Antibiotics, Gut Microbiota, and Sepsis-associated Acute Kidney Injury"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"212","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7123-6497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine M","family":"Winner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology , and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8081-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rishi","family":"Chanderraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Service, Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor, Michigan"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine"},{"name":"Weil Institute for Critical Care Research & Innovation , Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Nuppnau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annastasia M","family":"Petouhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole R","family":"Falkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0679-9998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Service, Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor, Michigan"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8788-239X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer A","family":"Schaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System , Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Heung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System , Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyush","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna E","family":"Luth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9297-9185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kale S","family":"Bongers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , and"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0535-9659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael W","family":"Sjoding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , and"},{"name":"Weil Institute for Critical Care Research & Innovation , Ann Arbor, Michigan"},{"name":"Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6875-4277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert P","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology , and"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , and"},{"name":"Weil Institute for Critical Care Research & Innovation , Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2015.01.002","article-title":"Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury","volume":"35","author":"Alobaidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03681106","article-title":"Septic acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: clinical characteristics and outcomes","volume":"2","author":"Bagshaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.05.026","article-title":"Acute kidney injury from sepsis: current concepts, epidemiology, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment","volume":"96","author":"Peerapornratana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.7.813","article-title":"Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study","volume":"294","author":"Uchino","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3934-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study","volume":"41","author":"Hoste","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-01974-8","article-title":"Rates, predictors, and mortality of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1457","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90769.2008","article-title":"Early exposure to germs modifies kidney damage and inflammation after experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"297","author":"Jang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016030255","article-title":"Depletion of gut microbiota protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"28","author":"Emal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.04.048","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota control acute kidney injury severity by immune modulation","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.03.024","article-title":"Microbiome modulation after severe acute kidney injury accelerates functional recovery and decreases kidney fibrosis","volume":"104","author":"Gharaie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97957","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.97957","article-title":"Gut microbiota\u2013derived D-serine protects against acute kidney injury","volume":"3","author":"Nakade","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F455","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00111.2021","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion alters renal glucose metabolism and exacerbates renal injury after ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice","volume":"321","author":"Osada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00427-0","article-title":"The microbiome and critical illness","volume":"4","author":"Dickson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00537-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00537-20","article-title":"Gut microbiota predict Enterococcus expansion but not vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus acquisition","volume":"5","author":"Chanderraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01190-y","article-title":"The bacterial density of clinical rectal swabs is highly variable, correlates with sequencing contamination, and predicts patient risk of extraintestinal infection","volume":"10","author":"Chanderraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202201-0161OC","article-title":"The gut microbiome modulates body temperature both in sepsis and health","volume":"207","author":"Bongers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200910","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00910-2022","article-title":"In critically ill patients, anti-anaerobic antibiotics increase risk of adverse clinical outcomes","volume":"61","author":"Chanderraj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.0581","article-title":"Mortality of patients with sepsis administered piperacillin-tazobactam vs cefepime","volume":"184","author":"Chanderraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300413","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00413-2023","article-title":"Empiric anti-anaerobic antibiotics are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in emergency department patients","volume":"61","author":"Kullberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy936","article-title":"Gastrointestinal microbiota disruption and risk of colonization with carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care unit patients","volume":"69","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix947","article-title":"Risk of subsequent sepsis within 90 days after a hospital stay by type of antibiotic exposure","volume":"66","author":"Baggs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339ra71","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf2311","article-title":"Increased GVHD-related mortality with broad-spectrum antibiotic use after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in human patients and mice","volume":"8","author":"Shono","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Notice","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winner\n              KM\n            , ChanderrajR, HeY, NuppnauM, WoodsRJ, HeungM, et\u00a0al. \u00a0Preregistered analytic plan: the gut microbiome and acute kidney injury in sepsis [preprint]. medRxiv \u00a02024 [accessed 2025 Oct 31]. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.04.04.24305205.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.04.24305205"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib27","article-title":"cmprsk: subdistribution analysis of competing risks","author":"Gray","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474144","article-title":"A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk","volume":"94","author":"Fine","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202682","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2682","article-title":"Association between early recovery of kidney function after acute kidney injury and long-term clinical outcomes","volume":"3","author":"Bhatraju","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib30","article-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib31","article-title":"Margins: marginal effects for model objects","author":"Leeper","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib32","article-title":"A package for survival analysis in R","author":"Therneau","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202308-1328OC","article-title":"Host and microbe blood metagenomics reveals key pathways characterizing critical illness phenotypes","volume":"209","author":"Neyton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2024.01.040","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced intestinal microbiota depletion can attenuate the acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease transition via NADPH oxidase 2 and trimethylamine-N-oxide inhibition","volume":"105","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S270","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/6.Supplement_1.S270","article-title":"The impact of different antimicrobial agents on the normal gastrointestinal microflora of humans","volume":"6 Suppl 1","author":"Nord","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01148-20","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01148-20","article-title":"Integrative transkingdom analysis of the gut microbiome in antibiotic perturbation and critical illness","volume":"6","author":"Haak","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.08.015","article-title":"The probiotic L. casei Zhang slows the progression of acute and chronic kidney disease","volume":"33","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000002402","article-title":"Inflammatory responses to polymicrobial intra-abdominal sepsis are highly variable but strongly correlated to Enterobacteriaceae outgrowth","volume":"62","author":"Bongers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.345","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease alters intestinal microbial flora","volume":"83","author":"Vaziri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1159\/000360010","article-title":"Expansion of urease- and uricase-containing, indole- and p-cresol-forming and contraction of short-chain fatty acid-producing intestinal microbiota in ESRD","volume":"39","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04412-x","article-title":"Altered intestinal microbiome and metabolome correspond to the clinical outcome of sepsis","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-01805-w","article-title":"The gut microbiota profile of adults with kidney disease and kidney stones: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Stanford","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.02.023","article-title":"Short chain fatty acid, acetate ameliorates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by inhibition of NADPH oxidase signaling in T cells","volume":"58","author":"Al-Harbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0006792020","article-title":"Gut microbiota-immune system interactions during acute kidney injury","volume":"2","author":"Noel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-018-2056-x","article-title":"Evolution of protein-bound uremic toxins indoxyl sulphate and p-cresyl sulphate in acute kidney injury","volume":"51","author":"Veldeman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.20583","article-title":"Cefepime vs piperacillin-tazobactam in adults hospitalized with acute infection: the ACORN randomized clinical trial","volume":"330","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R204","DOI":"10.1186\/cc2872","article-title":"Acute renal failure \u2013 definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group","volume":"8","author":"Bellomo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026081820020510700_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003969","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003969","article-title":"Use of an extended KDIGO definition to diagnose acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: a multinational study using the ISARIC\u2013WHO clinical characterisation protocol","volume":"19","author":"Wainstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Med"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1164\/rccm.202411-2281OC\/66536873\/rccm.202411-2281oc.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/212\/2\/314\/66536873\/rccm.202411-2281oc.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/212\/2\/314\/66536873\/rccm.202411-2281oc.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:02:17Z","timestamp":1787097737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/212\/2\/314\/8435766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202411-2281oc","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}