{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:21:08Z","timestamp":1793744468839,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":91,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobacco and cannabis are among the most widely used substances globally, and rates of co-use are on the rise. Understanding the impact of inhaled tobacco-cannabis co-use on health outcomes and tobacco cessation is critical for guiding patients and clinicians.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To summarize the existing evidence, identify knowledge gaps, and prioritize research questions related to effects of inhaled tobacco-cannabis co-use on tobacco cessation and lung health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multidisciplinary committee was convened to review the evidence, identify knowledge gaps, and develop research questions in four priority research areas: 1) common data elements and terminology, 2) patterns and prevalence of co-use, 3) impact of co-use on tobacco cessation, and 4) effects of co-use on lung health. A modified Delphi process was conducted in three rounds to reach consensus on prioritizing research questions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The evidence reviewed by the expert panel in four priority research areas yielded the following gaps in the literature with high priority to address with future research: 1) lack of consensus on terminology and recommended co-use data elements, 2) limited research on co-use and tobacco-related disparities, 3) insufficient evidence on how cannabis use affects tobacco cessation, and 4) alarming yet inconsistent findings on the effects of co-use on lung health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This statement outlines and guides a research agenda on the effects of inhaled tobacco-cannabis co-use on tobacco cessation and lung health. Consensus-driven recommendations include adopting harmonized terms and minimum data elements, studying the prevalence of co-use among populations experiencing tobacco-related disparities, evaluating the impact of co-use on tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies, and assessing the effects of co-use on the development and progression of lung diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202507-1792st","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T20:42:45Z","timestamp":1755895365000},"page":"2021-2042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effects of Inhaled Tobacco and Cannabis Co-Use on Respiratory Health and Tobacco Cessation: An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"211","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin 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