{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T15:45:36Z","timestamp":1777045536286,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]],"date-time":"2013-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline characteristics and management have changed over time in patients requiring mechanical ventilation; however, the impact of these changes on patient outcomes is unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate whether mortality in mechanically ventilated patients has changed over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort studies conducted in 1998, 2004, and 2010, including patients receiving mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours in a 1-month period, from 927 units in 40 countries. To examine effects over time on mortality in intensive care units, we performed generalized estimating equation models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 18,302 patients. The reasons for initiating mechanical ventilation varied significantly among cohorts. Ventilatory management changed over time (P &amp;lt; 0.001), with increased use of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (5% in 1998 to 14% in 2010), a decrease in tidal volume (mean 8.8 ml\/kg actual body weight [SD = 2.1] in 1998 to 6.9 ml\/kg [SD = 1.9] in 2010), and an increase in applied positive end-expiratory pressure (mean 4.2 cm H2O [SD = 3.8] in 1998 to 7.0 cm of H2O [SD = 3.0] in 2010). Crude mortality in the intensive care unit decreased in 2010 compared with 1998 (28 versus 31%; odds ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.80\u20130.94), despite a similar complication rate. Hospital mortality decreased similarly. After adjusting for baseline and management variables, this difference remained significant (odds ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.67\u20130.92).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient characteristics and ventilation practices have changed over time, and outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients have improved.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical trials registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01093482).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201212-2169oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,30]],"date-time":"2013-04-30T13:14:35Z","timestamp":1367327675000},"page":"220-230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":532,"title":["Evolution of Mortality over Time in Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Esteban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario de Getafe & Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Spain"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Frutos-Vivar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario de Getafe & Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Muriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Hospital Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria & Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, Spain"}]},{"given":"Niall D.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Pe\u00f1uelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario de Getafe & Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Spain"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Abraira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Hospital Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria & Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, Spain"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Raymondos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Nacional Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Nin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario de Getafe & Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Spain"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Apeztegu\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Nacional Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Damian A.","family":"Violi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Dr. Luis G\u00fcemes, Haedo, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Arnaud W.","family":"Thille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cenre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, Creteil, France"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Brochard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Medell\u00edn & Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medell\u00edn, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Asisclo J.","family":"Villagomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Regional 1 de Octubre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, M\u00e9xico DF, M\u00e9xico"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Montevideo, Uruguay"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Hospital & Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, Popular Republic of China"}]},{"given":"Salvatore M.","family":"Maggiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policlinico \u201cAgostino Gemelli,\u201d Universit\u00e0 Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Pelosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate, Universita\u2019 degli Studi, Genoa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional del T\u00f3rax de Santiago, Chile"}]},{"given":"Vinko","family":"Tomicic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Las Lilas de Santiago, Chile"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"D\u2019Empaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Caracas, Venezuela"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Matamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Fekri","family":"Abroug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Fattouma Bourguina, Monastir, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Rui P.","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neurocr\u00edticos, Hospital de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9, Belo Horizonte, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Yaseen","family":"Arabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Freddy","family":"Sandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Obrero No.1, La Paz, Bolivia"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Jibaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Eugenio Espejo, Quito, Ecuador"}]},{"given":"Pravin","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Mumbai, India"}]},{"given":"Younsuck","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Kuiper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Hans-Henrik","family":"B\u00fclow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Holbak Hospital, Region Zealand University of Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Amine Ali","family":"Zeggwagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Ibn Sina, Rabat, Morocco; and"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Anzueto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Texas Veterans Health Care System and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199802053380602","article-title":"Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"338","author":"Amato","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801","article-title":"Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"342","author":"The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0210-5691(07)74856-8","article-title":"PEEP alta frente a PEEP convencional en el s\u00edndrome de distr\u00e9s respiratorio agudo: revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica y metaan\u00e1lisis","volume":"31","author":"Gordo-Vidal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Intensiva"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S0210-5691(08)70962-8","article-title":"Impacto de dos nuevos estudios en el resultado de un metaan\u00e1lisis sobre la aplicaci\u00f3n de presi\u00f3n positiva al final de la espiraci\u00f3n alta a pacientes con s\u00edndrome de distr\u00e9s respiratorio agudo","volume":"32","author":"Gordo-Vidal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Intensiva"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201010-1757OC","article-title":"Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation: any safe threshold?","volume":"183","author":"Protti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.4.7921460","article-title":"Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation","volume":"150","author":"Brochard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199502093320601","article-title":"A comparison of four methods of weaning patients from mechanical ventilation","volume":"332","author":"Esteban","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.2.9610109","article-title":"Extubation outcome after spontaneous breathing trials with T-tube or pressure support ventilation","volume":"156","author":"Esteban","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.2.9803106","article-title":"Effect of spontaneous breathing trial duration on outcome of attempts to discontinue mechanical ventilation","volume":"159","author":"Esteban","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60105-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled Trial): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"371","author":"Girard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib11","first-page":"CD004104","article-title":"Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","author":"Ram","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib12","first-page":"CD005351","article-title":"Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (CPAP or bilevel NPPV) for cardiogenic pulmonary edema","author":"Vital","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.3.345","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a 28-day international study","volume":"287","author":"Esteban","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200706-893OC","article-title":"Evolution of mechanical ventilation in response to clinical research","volume":"177","author":"Esteban","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf215","article-title":"Statistical analysis of correlated data using generalized estimating equations: an orientation","volume":"157","author":"Hanley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2210-z","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"30","author":"Dellinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0522OC","article-title":"Early intensive care sedation predicts long-term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients","volume":"186","author":"Shehabi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.13872","article-title":"Daily sedation interruption in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation protocol: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"308","author":"Mehta","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061115","article-title":"An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU","volume":"355","author":"Pronovost","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib20","first-page":"243","article-title":"Using a bundle approach to improve ventilator care processes and reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"31","author":"Resar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199802053380603","article-title":"Evaluation of a ventilation strategy to prevent barotrauma in patients at high risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"338","author":"Stewart","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.6.9801044","article-title":"Tidal volume reduction for prevention of ventilator-induced lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Multicenter Trial Group on Tidal Volume Reduction in ARDS","volume":"158","author":"Brochard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199908000-00015","article-title":"Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing traditional versus reduced tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients","volume":"27","author":"Brower","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2124","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e2124","article-title":"Lung protective mechanical ventilation and two year survival in patients with acute lung injury: prospective cohort study","volume":"344","author":"Needham","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-2625-1","article-title":"Ventilator settings as a risk factor for acute respiratory distress syndrome in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"31","author":"Gajic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000133019.52531.30","article-title":"Ventilator-associated lung injury in patients without acute lung injury at the onset of mechanical ventilation","volume":"32","author":"Gajic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8230","article-title":"Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with conventional tidal volumes for patients without acute lung injury: a preventive randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Determann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.13730","article-title":"Association between use of lung-protective ventilation with lower tidal volumes and clinical outcomes among patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis","volume":"308","author":"Serpa Neto","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)90168-7","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress in adults","volume":"2","author":"Ashbaugh","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.6.7767524","article-title":"Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on regional distribution of tidal volume and recruitment in adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"151","author":"Gattinoni","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200905-0787OC","article-title":"Lung opening and closing during ventilation of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"181","author":"Caironi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1449-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of mechanical ventilation: analysis of the SAPS 3 database","volume":"35","author":"Metnitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000150652.91411.66","article-title":"Airway pressures, tidal volumes, and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Ferguson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.1.54","article-title":"Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"282","author":"Ranieri","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032193","article-title":"Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"351","author":"Brower","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000215598.84885.01","article-title":"A high positive end-expiratory pressure, low tidal volume ventilatory strategy improves outcome in persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Villar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.6.637","article-title":"Ventilation strategy using low tidal volumes, recruitment maneuvers, and high positive end-expiratory pressure for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"299","author":"Meade","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.6.646","article-title":"Positive end-expiratory pressure setting in adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"299","author":"Mercat","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib39","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin definition","volume":"307","author":"Ranieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.218","article-title":"Higher vs lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"303","author":"Briel","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201106-1094OC","article-title":"Outcomes of noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States, 1998\u20132008","volume":"185","author":"Chandra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032736","article-title":"Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation for respiratory failure after extubation","volume":"350","author":"Esteban","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032100495862100_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181ef4460","article-title":"The epidemiology of mechanical ventilation use in the United States","volume":"38","author":"Wunsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/188\/2\/220\/67241318\/ajrccm_188_2_220.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article-pdf\/188\/2\/220\/67241318\/ajrccm_188_2_220.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:52:15Z","timestamp":1774068735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrccm\/article\/188\/2\/220\/8506980"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201212-2169oc","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-449X","1535-4970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-449X","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}}}