{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T22:18:25Z","timestamp":1778537905994,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the absence of active tuberculosis, a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-\u03b3 release assay (IGRA) result defines latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, although test results may vary depending on immunodeficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study compared the performance of TST and IGRAs in five different groups of immunocompromised patients, and evaluated their ability to identify those at risk for development of tuberculosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immunocompromised patients with HIV infection, chronic renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis, solid-organ or stem-cell transplantation, and healthy control subjects were evaluated head-to-head by the TST, QuantiFERON-TB-Gold in-tube test (ELISA), and T-SPOT.TB test (enzyme-linked immunospot) at 17 centers in 11 European countries. Development of tuberculosis was assessed during follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frequencies of positive test results varied from 8.7 to 15.9% in HIV infection (n\u2009=\u2009768), 25.3 to 30.6% in chronic renal failure (n\u2009=\u2009270), 25.0% to 37.2% in rheumatoid arthritis (n\u2009=\u2009199), 9.0 to 20.0% in solid-organ transplant recipients (n\u2009=\u2009197), 0% to 5.8% in stem-cell transplant recipients (n\u2009=\u2009103), and 11.2 to 15.2% in immunocompetent control subjects (n\u2009=\u2009211). Eleven patients (10 with HIV infection and one solid-organ transplant recipient) developed tuberculosis during a median follow-up of 1.8 (interquartile range, 0.2\u20133.0) years. Six of the 11 patients had a negative or indeterminate test result in all three tests at the time of screening. Tuberculosis incidence was generally low, but higher in HIV-infected individuals with a positive TST (3.25 cases per 100 person-years) than with a positive ELISA (1.31 cases per 100 person-years) or enzyme-linked immunospot result (1.78 cases per 100 person-years). No cases of tuberculosis occurred in patients who received preventive chemotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among immunocompromised patients evaluated in this study, progression toward tuberculosis was highest in HIV-infected individuals and was poorly predicted by TST or IGRAs.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00707317).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201405-0967oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,10]],"date-time":"2014-10-10T16:44:29Z","timestamp":1412959469000},"page":"1168-1176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":206,"title":["Risk Assessment of Tuberculosis in Immunocompromised Patients. A TBNET Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Sester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"van Leth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Bruchfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute Solna and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Dragos","family":"Bumbacea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology, Elias Emergency University Hospital and Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"given":"Daniela M.","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Asli Gorek","family":"Dilektasli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Ba\u015fkent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei de Microbiologia, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 en Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Badalona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Epidemiologia Clinica, Medicina Preventiva e Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, German Center for Infection Research, Tuberculosis Unit, Borstel, Germany"}]},{"given":"Fusun Oner","family":"Eyuboglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Ba\u015fkent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Irini","family":"Gerogianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Girardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Delia","family":"Goletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Janssens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Julander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute Solna and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Berit","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Latorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei de Microbiologia, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 en Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Badalona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Losi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}]},{"given":"Roumiana","family":"Markova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Matteelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for TB\/HIV Coinfection, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Milburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, King\u2019s College, University of London, London, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Pernille","family":"Ravn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Pulmonary and Infectious diseases, North Zealand Hospital Hiller\u00f8d, Hiller\u00f8d, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Theresia","family":"Scholman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Paola M.","family":"Soccal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Straub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany"}]},{"given":"Aslihan","family":"Yalcin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute Solna and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, German Center for Infection Research, Tuberculosis Unit, Borstel, Germany"},{"name":"International Health\/Infectious Diseases, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Germany; and"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Namibia School of Medicine, Windhoek, Namibia"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032100262990100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026032100262990100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00201609","article-title":"Tuberculosis contact investigation in low prevalence countries: a European consensus","volume":"36","author":"Erkens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026032100262990100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00120908","article-title":"LTBI: latent tuberculosis infection or lasting immune responses to M. tuberculosis? 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