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worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collected daily mortality (total, cardiovascular, and respiratory) and air pollution data from 205 cities in 20 countries\/regions. Concentrations of PM2.5\u201310 were computed as the difference between inhalable and fine PM. A two-stage time-series analytic approach was applied, with overdispersed generalized linear models and multilevel meta-analysis. We fitted two-pollutant models to test the independent effect of PM2.5\u201310 from copollutants (fine PM, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide). Exposure\u2013response relationship curves were pooled, and regional analyses were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 10 \u03bcg\/m3 increase in PM2.5\u201310 concentration on lag 0\u20131 day was associated with increments of 0.51% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18%\u20130.84%), 0.43% (95% CI, 0.15%\u20130.71%), and 0.41% (95% CI, 0.06%\u20130.77%) in total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, respectively. The associations varied by country and region. These associations were robust to adjustment by all copollutants in two-pollutant models, especially for PM2.5. The exposure\u2013response curves for total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality were positive, with steeper slopes at lower exposure ranges and without discernible thresholds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides novel global evidence on the robust and independent associations between short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5\u201310 and total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, suggesting the need to establish a unique guideline or regulatory limit for daily concentrations of PM2.5\u201310.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202111-2657oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T16:41:49Z","timestamp":1654620109000},"page":"999-1007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Coarse Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality: A Global Study in 205 Cities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"Cong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}]},{"given":"Renjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Sera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Computer Science, and Applications \u201cG. Parenti\u201d, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}]},{"given":"Yuming","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China"}]},{"given":"Shilu","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China"},{"name":"Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Lavigne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}]},{"given":"Patricia Matus","family":"Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and"}]},{"given":"Nicolas Valdes","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Obstetrics, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Orru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Maasikmets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, Estonia"}]},{"given":"Jouni J. K.","family":"Jaakkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"}]},{"given":"Niilo","family":"Ryti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Breitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen\u2013German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen\u2013German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Klea","family":"Katsouyanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National 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Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Madureira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit\u2013Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Iulian Horia","family":"Holob\u00e2c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geography, Babes-Bolay University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Fratianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Scovronick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia"}]},{"given":"Rebecca 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Sweden"}]},{"given":"Christofer","family":"\u00c5str\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Vicedo-Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine and"},{"name":"Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Martina S.","family":"Ragettli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Yue-Liang Leon","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (NTU) College of Medicine and NTU Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, 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Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gasparrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Environments, and Society"},{"name":"Centre for Statistical Methodology, and"},{"name":"Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1871-8999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haidong","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai, 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