{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:54:41Z","timestamp":1792464881399,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Magnolia Press","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zootaxa"],"abstract":"The genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 is represented in the Philippines\u2019 fauna by five species, two of which are endemic. Mitochondrial DNA sequences of gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) were obtained from six Scolopendra specimens belonging to two endemic species and a new one, described here as Scolopendra paradoxa Dom\u00e9nech sp. nov. These sequences were analyzed together with another forty-one sequences from GenBank, including additional species of Scolopendra and a few representatives of other Scolopendridae genera. Phylogenetic trees inferred from the COI analysis using maximum likelihood and neighbor joining showed the three Philippines Scolopendra endemic species as a polyphyletic group coherent with their respective morphologies, although the position of S. spinosissima Kraepelin, 1903 varied within the obtained trees. Species delimitation based on standard external morphological characters was also concordant with the observed genetic distances, monophyly and node support, confirming S. subcrustalis Kronm\u00fcller, 2009 and S. paradoxa sp. nov. as separate species also at the molecular level, while only the position of S. spinosissima could not be properly established with any of the statistical methods used. In addition, the male genitalia of the three studied species were found to lack gonopods and a penis. Remarks on the ultimate legs prefemoral spinous formula of S. spinosissima plus a key to the species of the genus Scolopendra in the Philippines are provided.\u00a0<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4483.3.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]],"date-time":"2018-09-24T01:28:41Z","timestamp":1537752521000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A phylogenetic approach to the Philippines endemic centipedes of the genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae), with the description of a new species"],"prefix":"10.11646","volume":"4483","author":[{"given":"CARLES","family":"DOM\u00c9NECH","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"VICTOR M.","family":"BARBERA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EDUARDO","family":"LARRIBA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4913","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.1","unstructured":"Lipman, D.J. (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology<\/em>, 215 (3), 403-410.<\/p>

h<\/a>ttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2<\/a><\/p>

Attems, C. (1930) Myriopoda. 2. Scolopendromorpha. In<\/em>: Das Tierreich. Vol. 54. <\/em>W. De Gruyter, Berlin and Leipzig, pp. 1-308.<\/p>

Bonato, L., Chagas Junior, A., Edgecombe, G.D., Lewis, J.G.E., Minelli, A., Pereira, L.A., Shelley, R.M., Stoev, P. &"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.2","unstructured":"Zapparoli, M. (2017) ChiloBase 2.0. A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda). Available from: http:\/\/chilobase.biologia.unipd.it (accessed 10 February 2017)<\/p>

Bonato, L., Edgecombe, G., Lewis, J., Minelli, A., Pereira, L., Shelley, R. &"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.3","unstructured":"Zapparoli, M. (2010) A common terminology for the external anatomy of centipedes (Chilopoda). ZooKeys<\/em>, 69, 17-51.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/zookeys.69.737<\/p>

Brandt, J.F. (1840) Observations sur les esp\u00e8ces qui composent le genre Scolopendra<\/em> suivies des caract\u00e8res des esp\u00e8ces qui se trouvent dans le Mus\u00e9um zoologique de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences de St. -P\u00e9tersbourg et de quelques coups d'oeil sur leur distribution g\u00e9ographique. Bulletin Scientifique, Acad\u00e9mie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint P\u00e9tersbourg<\/em>, 7 (11), 148-160.<\/p>

Chenna, R., Sugawara, H., Koike, T., Lopez, R., Gibson, T.J., Higgins, D.G. &"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, J.D. (2003) Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs. Nucleic Acids Research<\/em>, 31 (13), 3497-3500.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkg500<\/p>

Demange, J.M. &","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg500"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard, J. (1969) Morphologie de l'appareil g\u00e9nital m\u00e2le des Scolopendromor-phes et son importance en syst\u00e8matique (Myriapodes Chilopodes). Bulletin du Mus\u00e9um national d'Histoire naturelle<\/em>, 40, 968-983.<\/p>

Edgar, R.C. (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research<\/em>, 32 (5), 1792-1797.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkh340<\/p>

Edgecombe, G.D. &","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giribet, G. (2008) A New Zealand species of the trans-Tasman centipede order Craterostigmomorpha (Arthropoda: Chilopoda) corroborated by molecular evidence. Invertebrate Systematics<\/em>, 22 (1), 1-15.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/IS07036<\/p>

Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. &","DOI":"10.1071\/IS07036"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.7","unstructured":"Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology<\/em>, 3, 294-299.<\/p>

Gervais, P. (1847) Myriapodes. In<\/em>: Walckenaer, C.A. de &"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.8","unstructured":"Gascuel, O. (2010) New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic Biology<\/em>, 59 (3), 307-21.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010<\/p>

Haase, E. (1887) Die Indisch-Australischen Myriopoden. 1. Chilopoden. Abhandlungen und Berichte des K\u00f6niglichen zoologischen und anthropologisch-ethnographischen Museum zu Dresden<\/em>, 4, 1-118.<\/p>

Huang, X. &"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madan, A. (1999) CAP3: A DNA sequence assembly program. Genome Research<\/em>, 9, 868-877.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.9.9.868<\/p>

Iorio, E. (2003) Morphologie externe des appareils g\u00e9nitaux m\u00e2le et femelle de la famille Scolo-pendridae (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha). Bulletin de Phyllie<\/em>, 16, 10-16.<\/p>

Jangi, B.S. &","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.9.9.868"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.10","unstructured":"Dass, C.M.S. (1984) Scolopendridae of the Deccan. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research<\/em>, 43, 27-54.<\/p>

Joshi, J. &"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karanth, K.P. (2011) Cretaceous-Tertiary diversification among select scolopendrid centipedes of South India. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution<\/em>, 60, 287-294.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ympev.2011.04.024
Joshi, J. &","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2011.04.024"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karanth, K.P. (2012) Coalescent methods in conjunction with niche modelling reveals cryptic diversity among centipedes in the Western Ghats of South India. PLoS ONE<\/em>, 7 (8), e42225.<\/p>

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0042225<\/p>

Kang, S., Liu, Y., Zeng, X., Deng, H., Luo, Y., Chen, k. &","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042225"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.13","unstructured":"Chen, S. (2017) Taxonomy and identification of the genus Scolopendra <\/em>in China using integrated methods of external morphology and molecular phylogenetics. Scientific Reports<\/em>, <\/em>7, 16032.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-15242-7<\/p>

Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg<\/em>, 20 (2), 1-276.<\/p>

Krishnamurthy P.K. and Francis, R.A. (2012) A critical review on the utility of DNA barcoding in biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation<\/em>, 21 (8), 1901-1919.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10531-012-0306-2<\/p>

Kronm\u00fcller, C. (2009) A new species of Scolopender from the Philippines (Chilopoda: Scolopendridae). Arthropoda<\/em>, 17 (1), 48-51.<\/p>

Kronm\u00fcller, C. (2012) Review of the subspecies of Scolopendra subspinipes<\/em> Leach, 1815 with the new description of the South Chinese member of the genus Scolopendra<\/em> Linnaeus, 1758 named Scolopendra hainanum<\/em> spec. nov. Spixiana<\/em>, 35 (1) 19-27.<\/p>

Kronm\u00fcller, C. &"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, J.G.E. (2015) On the function of the ultimate legs of some Scolopendridae (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha). ZooKeys<\/em>, <\/em>510, 269-278.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/zookeys.510.8674<\/p>

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Murienne, J., Edgecombe, G.D. &"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giribet, G. (2010) Including secondary structure, fossils and molecular dating in the centipede tree of life. Molecular Phylogenetics and<\/em> Evolution<\/em>, 57, 301-313.
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Murienne, J., Edgecombe, G.D. &","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2010.06.022"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giribet, G. (2011) Comparative phylogeography of the centipedes Cryptops pictus<\/em> and C. niuensis<\/em> (Chilopoda) in New Caledonia, Fiji and Vanuatu. Organisms Diversity and Evolution<\/em>, 11 (1), 61-74.
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Siriwut, W., Edgecombe, G.D., Sutcharit, C., Tongkerd, P. &","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135355"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.23","unstructured":"Panha, S. (2016) A taxonomic review of the centipede genus Scolopendra<\/em> Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) in mainland Southeast Asia, with description of a new species from Laos. ZooKeys<\/em>, 590, 1-124.
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Tamura, K. &"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.24","unstructured":"Nei, M. (1993) Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution<\/em>, 10, 512-526.<\/p>

Tyagi, K,. Kumar, V., Singha, D., Chandra, k., Laskar, B.A., Kundu, S., Chakraborty, R. &"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee, S. (2017) DNA Barcoding studies on Thrips<\/em> in India: Cryptic species and species complexes. Scientific Reports<\/em>, 7, 4898.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-05112-7<\/p>

Vahtera, V., Edgecombe, G.D. &","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05112-7"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giribet, G. (2012) Evolution of blindness in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha): insight from an expanded sampling of molecular data. Cladistics<\/em>, 28, 4-20.<\/p>

Vahtera, V., Edgecombe, G.D. &","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.2011.00361.x"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giribet, G. (2013) Phylogenetics of scolopendromorph centipedes: can denser taxon sampling improve an artificial classification? Invertebrate Systematics<\/em>, 27 (5), 578-602.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/IS13035<\/p>

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<\/p>","DOI":"10.1071\/IS13035"},{"key":"#cr-split#-43649.28","unstructured":"

Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W. & Lipman, D.J. (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology<\/em>, 215 (3), 403-410.<\/p>

h<\/a>ttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2<\/a><\/p>

Attems, C. (1930) Myriopoda. 2. Scolopendromorpha. In<\/em>: Das Tierreich. Vol. 54. <\/em>W. De Gruyter, Berlin and Leipzig, pp. 1-308.<\/p>

Bonato, L., Chagas Junior, A., Edgecombe, G.D., Lewis, J.G.E., Minelli, A., Pereira, L.A., Shelley, R.M., Stoev, P. & Zapparoli, M. (2017) ChiloBase 2.0. A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda). Available from: http:\/\/chilobase.biologia.unipd.it (accessed 10 February 2017)<\/p>

Bonato, L., Edgecombe, G., Lewis, J., Minelli, A., Pereira, L., Shelley, R. & Zapparoli, M. (2010) A common terminology for the external anatomy of centipedes (Chilopoda). ZooKeys<\/em>, 69, 17-51.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/zookeys.69.737<\/p>

Brandt, J.F. (1840) Observations sur les esp\u00e8ces qui composent le genre Scolopendra<\/em> suivies des caract\u00e8res des esp\u00e8ces qui se trouvent dans le Mus\u00e9um zoologique de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences de St. -P\u00e9tersbourg et de quelques coups d'oeil sur leur distribution g\u00e9ographique. Bulletin Scientifique, Acad\u00e9mie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint P\u00e9tersbourg<\/em>, 7 (11), 148-160.<\/p>

Chenna, R., Sugawara, H., Koike, T., Lopez, R., Gibson, T.J., Higgins, D.G. & Thompson, J.D. (2003) Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs. Nucleic Acids Research<\/em>, 31 (13), 3497-3500.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkg500<\/p>

Demange, J.M. & Richard, J. (1969) Morphologie de l'appareil g\u00e9nital m\u00e2le des Scolopendromor-phes et son importance en syst\u00e8matique (Myriapodes Chilopodes). Bulletin du Mus\u00e9um national d'Histoire naturelle<\/em>, 40, 968-983.<\/p>

Edgar, R.C. (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research<\/em>, 32 (5), 1792-1797.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkh340<\/p>

Edgecombe, G.D. & Giribet, G. (2008) A New Zealand species of the trans-Tasman centipede order Craterostigmomorpha (Arthropoda: Chilopoda) corroborated by molecular evidence. Invertebrate Systematics<\/em>, 22 (1), 1-15.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/IS07036<\/p>

Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology<\/em>, 3, 294-299.<\/p>

Gervais, P. (1847) Myriapodes. In<\/em>: Walckenaer, C.A. de & Gervais F.L.P.,<\/em> Histoire naturelle des Insectes Apt\u00e8res. Tome<\/em> 4. Librairie Encyclop\u00e9dique de Roret, Paris, pp. 1-57 + 210-623.<\/p>

Guindon, S., Dufayard, J.F., Lefort, V., Anisimova, M., Hordijk, W. & Gascuel, O. (2010) New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic Biology<\/em>, 59 (3), 307-21.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010<\/p>

Haase, E. (1887) Die Indisch-Australischen Myriopoden. 1. Chilopoden. Abhandlungen und Berichte des K\u00f6niglichen zoologischen und anthropologisch-ethnographischen Museum zu Dresden<\/em>, 4, 1-118.<\/p>

Huang, X. & Madan, A. (1999) CAP3: A DNA sequence assembly program. Genome Research<\/em>, 9, 868-877.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.9.9.868<\/p>

Iorio, E. (2003) Morphologie externe des appareils g\u00e9nitaux m\u00e2le et femelle de la famille Scolo-pendridae (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha). Bulletin de Phyllie<\/em>, 16, 10-16.<\/p>

Jangi, B.S. & Dass, C.M.S. (1984) Scolopendridae of the Deccan. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research<\/em>, 43, 27-54.<\/p>

Joshi, J. & Karanth, K.P. (2011) Cretaceous-Tertiary diversification among select scolopendrid centipedes of South India. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution<\/em>, 60, 287-294.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ympev.2011.04.024
Joshi, J. & Karanth, K.P. (2012) Coalescent methods in conjunction with niche modelling reveals cryptic diversity among centipedes in the Western Ghats of South India. PLoS ONE<\/em>, 7 (8), e42225.<\/p>

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0042225<\/p>

Kang, S., Liu, Y., Zeng, X., Deng, H., Luo, Y., Chen, k. & Chen, S. (2017) Taxonomy and identification of the genus Scolopendra <\/em>in China using integrated methods of external morphology and molecular phylogenetics. Scientific Reports<\/em>, <\/em>7, 16032.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-15242-7<\/p>

Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg<\/em>, 20 (2), 1-276.<\/p>

Krishnamurthy P.K. and Francis, R.A. (2012) A critical review on the utility of DNA barcoding in biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation<\/em>, 21 (8), 1901-1919.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10531-012-0306-2<\/p>

Kronm\u00fcller, C. (2009) A new species of Scolopender from the Philippines (Chilopoda: Scolopendridae). Arthropoda<\/em>, 17 (1), 48-51.<\/p>

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